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 -  .     .
    .

 2,  2        2013-2015 ..







 1.
""      XII-XVI      1800   .

1.    .

2.     (?).

3.  ""   -    .

4.  .

5.     XIII  ..   .    -    .

6.   ""   XIII-XIV .    - =  .

7.     ""          XIV  ..    ,       XIV  ..
7.1.  .
7.2. ""    -    -       XIII  ..  , -,   XIV  ..   .
7.3.      -     XIV  ..
7.4.           XIV  ..
7.5.  II  -   "" .

8.    -  ""  .

9.    -  ""  .

10.   -  "" .

11.   -  "" .

12.    -  ""  .

13.  300    - -   "" 300   .

14.    1374-1387  -  ""  .
14.1.  ,  .
14.2.   .  .
14.3.   -  "" .     -  ""  .
14.4.   -  "" .   .

15.            .

16.    -  "" .

17.    -  "" .

18.    -  "" .   II -  ""  II.

19.   -' -  ""  '.

20.    XV  .. -   ""    IV   ..

21.     ""    "".

22. .

 

 2.
      -       1800   .

0. .

1.   ,   .
1.1.  .
1.2.    =    ( ) =    =    =    .
1.3.          ,     - ""-   ?

2.   ,  ,     .

3.  , -,  , , -.

4.   : ,   .

5.  ,  ,  .

6.    .

7.   .   ,   .

8.   ,    , , , , , .

9. , ,   ,   ,   .

10.      .
10.1.   .
10.2.     .
10.3.  ,    .

10*.      . 
"  "    XV-XVI  ..,
      .  .

11.   .
11.1.     .
11.2.    ""    ,    .

12.     .
12.1.     -   =  .
12.2.       -   ,  "" .

13.  .
13.1. , ,   ,  , .    -   .
13.2.      .
13.3. ,   .    -    ,   -  XVI  ..
13.4.    -    .

14.   .
14.1.       ,     .
14.2.            .

15.        
    .

16.    ,            .

17.    ()    VII  ..
17.1.  .
17.2.   .
17.3.     .

18.    1-4   1-2 .

 

 3.
        300-400    .

1.        .
1.1.    .    .
1.2.    .     .
1.3.      .
1.4.        .
1.5.         .
1.6.     .
1.7.     ""    .
1.8.       .
1.9.   .
1.10.     .   .
1.11.     .
1.12.     .
1.13.           XIII .
1.14.            XIII-XVI .
1.15.             IX-XIII .
1.16.       300   400 .
1.17. .

2.             1584-1619 .

 

 4.
   .

1.  .

2.  .

3.   -    - .

4.               "".
 

 1.
  ""         .

 2.
       ,    ,  .

 3.
    . :    " "? - .., ...

 4.
   .
- .., ...

 .2.1 (  2).
    "" .
- ...

 .2.2 (  2).
  ,   .
- .., ...

 

  .

-------------------------------------------

   "  -  "

     ,   .     .         .    -          ""    ,    . ,  ""        XI-XVI . 
           ? , ""      XIV-XVI  .. 
,  ,   ,    ,  ,  XI-XVI  ..  ,   .  ,  ..  ..,      ,     " "   .      :     " "?
       ,       .       .       ,   -   .


.

     ,  .    .  ,     (    ,    -).   -   2-  "" (   14 ).

 1.   . - ...

 2.  1:  -  . - ... 2:   -  . - ...

 3.  1:  . - ..,.., ...  2:    -.., .., ...

 4.  1:   . - ..,...  2:   . - ..,...

 5.  1: . - .., ...  2: . - .., ...

 6.  1:  . - .., ... 2:   -. - .., ... 3:   . - .., ... 

 7.  1:  . - .., ... 2:   "" . - .., ..,...

 1.
""      XII-XVI      1800   .

1.    .

,              .      , , , , , ,  , , , .        .   "  ", .6, ,       ""    , ,  .         ,      , .1.1. , " "           ,        :

 333    360  -  - ,

 1053 ( 1153)  -   ,

 1780 ,   1800 ,   1810  -  - .

       720  -   -    : 1053-333=720 .       -   1810          .              ,         "" .    1810       .  -    ""   .       " "    ""    ,       1810 .  ,  "" ,     ,   ,      ,    =+1810.

   , 1810-    XII-XVI  .. ,  " "    -   ""  . ,    -   .       ,    ,  "" !    ,          ,  ,   ,  ,     .   - 1810- ,  ""         X-XIII     (-?) XIII-XVII ,   ""        XII-XVI .  ,     ,   -        " ".

       ""     ""  [163].   ,      .   ,      XII-XVI  ..   , ,   XVI-XVII  ..    XVII-XVIII            .  ,  ,     " "        .

   ,  ""         ,   ,       XII-XVI  ..   ""    1810    .1.2  .1.3.     ,   "a",     . ,  "b",      ,    ,   "".    -     .   .

2.     (?).

   ,        , -,  ,          .

: 1)     X-XIII  ..    = ""  XIII-XVII . 2)   XIII  ..  , ,  -  1204 . 3)   X-XIII .

"": 1)    ,  .   -  ,   ,   ,   . 2)  ,   -   ( ),   -     "" . 3)      VIII-VI   ..

,       ,    X  ..

1.   X  ..   .  .1.1,     X  ..  901-924     =  =  .       .1.1.

# 1b. "".      . ""       [163], 1:1-5, .11-12. ,     XIII  ..

 ,     ,      .    ,   .    "" ,  , ,        .          ,         .

,       X  ..       ,  ,   931-954  ..    -  II   II [196].  ,   "" ,     ""       ,   ,    ,     ,  ,   -    .

,     ,   .       ,          , ,    ,    . ,  ,          [267], .282-283. , . -      - .      .   -   . "  " ( ),     ,   .          .

 =  =         VIII-VII   ..      -  ,          . ,        "  ",        ,      ,   .       ,     -   ,   -   .       ""      VI   ..

2.   =  =  .   -   .   ,      -   -   .  ,     ,  ,   .          - -    .         (-).   ,         .   " ".   , " ",   .  ,  .     .   .   .

# 2b. "".  ,    -   .  ,  ""   ,  , ""  , ,    -      [163], 1:7, .13.      560   ..         .  ,    .   ,       ,    [163], 1:8, .13.          .      "" .  -   .       .  ,       =     = ,      = , , .

3.   =  =  .  , , . " " -   ,   ,      .. -            .          ( , . ).     ,   .   (?)     ..    ,    " "  "  ",    XII - XIII         -  1185 .

# 3b. "".   .  ,      ,          .  : "  ,      ,     , , ,  ,    ,      " [163], 1:10, .14.       .

4.     ,  .       =    " ".  ,    = ,   .      .        ,     = .  -    .    ,         .

# 4b. "".  .   ,       ,       .  ,   =      = ,    .    ,     -  .  ,       .  ,          ,   -.  ,     .

5.  XI  XIII  ..  ,    .

1)    (  ),    ( )     XIII  ..,     . ,   XIII  ..      (    =   )  .

2)  -     ,      ,   X  ..    ,         ,          .         [722], .74, 256-257.                  [722], .74.  .   "".

# 5b. "".  ,   .

1)   ,          .              [163],1:7, .13.  ,    , -,  .

2)  -      ( ).      .

6.   =  =  .      . " " (?)        XIII  ..    ,     ,  .   ,      ,      .   ,   - , ,        (  ?).

# 6b. "".      .  ,       . ,      ,    .     .  : " (? - ..)         ,       " [163], 1:13, .14-15.

3.  ""   -    .

7.  X-XIII         .     962-1250  ..        [482].      .   X-XIII     . ,      " -  ", .5,  , -,     ,      .         " ".

# 7b. "".    .   1810      ,  ,    X-XIII  ..     : ,  () ( , ),  (, ), ,  ( ,  - ),  (-, , ) [163].  -  .      .      .   ,    ,      (),   . ,       .

8.   .           1099-1230  ..    ,  ,      ,  .  ,  ,     XIII  ..,       = ""   . .  ""  " ".

# 8b. "".   .    ""       VIII-VI   ..    1810 ,   (    ""  [766], .46  )     X  ..  ,          XII - XIII .  , "" , -,    XII  .. "   ()         VIII-VI   .." [766], .46-47.           XI-XIII  .. ,  ""         ,     .    ,  ..  : "   - (),    -" [766], .47.

9.   " "  X-XI  ..  .1.1,    X  ..       .   X  .., -,         . ,            .     X-XI  ..     ,       .       .

# 9b. "" .   . ,   VIII   .. (    X  ..    1810 )       .    -     .  , .. [766]            "" .

10.    .           [195].      - . ,              .

# 10b. "". ""- . ,   ""-  ()  VII-VI   ..   - [766], .55.    ""   :  = .  : " VIII-VI   ..        " [258], .129.

4.  .

11.  XII-XIII    "".    XII-XIII  ..       X-XIII .  ,   ,   1138-1254  ..               ,         [482].            ,     XIII  ..

# 11b. "".  .    1810  ""   VII-VI   ..     XII-XIII  ..        .   ,   ""   VII-V   ..        .     . ,   VII-V   ..  ""        " " [258].    -    . , ,    = .

     . " (    - ..)     ()    " [766], .57. ,  ,    ""          . ,  -,   .   ,          [267], .282-283; [196].           ( ).

 : "            ,    -  " [258], .146. ,          ,      .     ,  - , -,   XI-XII  ..          ,       X-XIII     = "" , . "  ", .6.

12.   ,    ""  "".

1)    ( )    ,    ,    534  509   ..

2)     26 .

3)         .  ,    .

# 12b. "" .  ,     - .

1)  ""         560  510   .. [258].           . ,   [163], .584, -      - "  ",  ,  541/540 - 528/527   ..   ,     :        ,    = .

2)   33 :  560-527   ..  13    ; . .

3)       .      , . ,    =  =  .

,       .     1810 ,     1250-1280  ..   "   -  ,  ...  ...           ...      " [766], .71.      - -   " "  - .

13.     ,   . 1)  ,  ,     .      [482]. 2)         . 3)       -  (?)  ..

# 13b. "" .     ,   . 1)   560   ..           [258], .146. 2)         [258], .146-147. 3)       -    [258], .146.

14.     . 1)           [482].    . 2)       .

# 14b. "" .    . 1)        ,   .      [258], .146-147. 2)    ,     ,    ( )        [258], .149-150.

15.    .   -    ,   .     509   ..     1810 ,     1300  ..     .

# 15b. "" .    .         514-510   ..     1810      1300  ..       .        [258].

16.     .    . 1)    -     "" .      ,   ,   ""  . 2)  ,       ,   - .   -     [482].

# 16b. "" .     . 1)   -     "" .      . 2)      ,          [766], .72.  , -  ,    ()             XIII  ..

17.  .      . ,      "  ".       [482].              -    . . .

# 17b. "" .  -. "        ,     " [766], .72. ,               XIII  ..  ,     I   ..  .   ,     ,     -  (?)  .     [660], .2.

18. "" .         .       .   ,    (?) -  ,      [482].  ,  (?) -  ,       [660], .2.     ""  . " -  ", .6.

# 18b. "" .      -.            .   . "         ,      " [766], .72.  ,      ""      ,         ( ),         (  ).    ""-   : <<       "  "   >> [766], .72.

5.     XIII  ..   .    -    .

  ,   ,  ,   ,  .     XIII  ..,          ,        ,    -  ""  .          ,     -,            .

19.    XIII  ..  .     X-XIII  ..        IV: 1237-1254  ..  [64].    XIII ,   ""  .  IV     ,     .       ,  ,   .       : 1254-1266  ..  [196].

# 19b. "".       .     . ",     ( , -,   XIII  .. - ..)    " [163], 1:7, .13.   ,  ,    ,  , , , . , -,   ,  .    , ""    .

20.  XIII  ..   12     ().   12 : 1254-1266  ..  [196].    ,    ,    ,  . ,            (541-552),         .

# 20b. "".   14    . ""   14 ,  560-546   .. [72], .193.     12    . ""    ,         .         ,       . , ""    . ,   - , , ,   ,     .       .

            .   = ,  = ,    =    = . ,       ,     ,    . ,  " "          "" , . .    " "      ,    "".

21.      . 1) , . "  ", .6,   XIII  ..   ,  ,     , , .  ,   ,       ,   I,    VI  .. 2)    =          VI ,      XIII  ..

# 21b. "" .   . 1)  ""    ,      .     ""     [163], 1:30, .19. 2)     ,       (   ),      [163], 1:30, .19. -,      -.

22.       .  ,    "  ", .6,  =  =            ( -)   . ,           , . "  ", .6.         -      .  " ",  .       .      ,   - .  ,   " "   ,     " ", .4:10.

# 22b. "" .      .    ,  ""       .        .    ,         -  .  : "     ...      ,      " [163], 1:78, .35.       .

23a.  XIII  ..       (). ,       ( -  = )   XIII  ..    .    ,     [196].          ,    = ""  -,  ,    , . .

# 23b. "".      .    ,     .     ()      ,  ,      ""   VI-V   .. [163].

  ""?        " "        -,     .  ,          - Paris.      ,     PARS, -     , -     "", "", "". . -  [237].   -  XVIII    PARS    . ,   1702 ,     I, " "   Muskowiae PARS.   -  ,   -    . . [73].  ,   PARS       " ",     , .  ,    "pars" =           "".  , ""          ,   ""  XIII-XVI  ..

        ""         1810 . , ,   ,  560-546   ..  [72],           -   1254-1266  .., . .

24.  XIII  ..     ()  .      ?  1268  ..     ,   ,     .  XIII  .. ,       - , -. ,         . ,       (!)  1278  1285  .. [195], .379.  ,    XIII  ..   "",   .

-, " " -      .  ,      ,    ,   .  -,     ,    " ", , ,    ,   XIII    = -     .   , ,  "" .      ()                XIII -  XIV  ..  ,  , ,           .  ,      ()   .    "  ".        ,      = "" ,         .  ,  ,    XIV  .. ""          ().

# 24b. "".       .   546   ..     ( = ?).    1810 , 546-   ..   1264  ..     1268    (  )  . ..   , ""    . "       " [258], .168.   ,       XIII  ..  ,   ""    ,     ,  -,    .      . ,   , , -,     ( = )   ,   (   ).  ,    , , , , .   ,      ,    .

25.        XIII  .. 1)   ,       ,    - .    .  ,        . 2)   - Mediterraneus [237], .635. ,   ( )  ,   ,    " ".

# 25b. "".     ,    . 1)    .  ,      . "  VIII  ( .. - ..),   (   - ..),     " [258], .168. 2)    VI   ..  (-?)        [766], .87.   ,     - .

26.       II   XIII  ..  1250  ..  IV    ,       ,            [196].          II . ,      - (  -)   (   )     .

# 26b. "".      -  , . .1.4.     :        . "          " [766], .87.   ,   -     .  ,   II -    II .

27.   .  =  =   XIII  .., -,           .      .     .    ,      ,     () -   , .1.5    ,      , -,    ,  ,  XIV-XV  .., .  " ", .4.

# 27b. "" .    .     ""           (. ).     , ,     . [163], 1:109-113, .46-48.      "" .

28.       XIII  ..    31 : 1254-1285 .  1254 -      IV.   1285     [196].

# 28b. "".    .   29 :  559-530   .. [72], .193.         . ,      1810 ,    ""    : 1251-1280  ..        : 1254-1285  [195], [196].

29. "  "  XIII  ..     ,    =  =      ,    ,        .  ,       - .

# 29b. "".    .   .          , , ,      "  " [163], 1:196-199, .73-75.  ,    (  ?)   .    ,   ,     [163], 1:196, .73-74.   ,      (  ,             ),   ,  -   "      ...        ,    " [163], 1:199, .74-75.      ,      .         . -,    "  ",        XIII  ..

30.     .   =  =     "  "     : ,  =  ,   . .         .   () -     .   "" (   ) -      .   ,   ,      ,  -   -  "".

# 30b. "".        .   .     .           ,   .         [163], 1:189, .71.    .

"       ,           ,   .         .                (?! - ..),       ,   .          " [163], 1:189, .71.          ?

     ,          .    ,      360 ! [163].       ,          .   ,         .  XVII  - , - .  ,     .   "360 " ,  ,   ( ) -      . ,  " "      -,      .    ,   ""-    ,          ,       ()      .  .

31.     ,    .    =   ()          VI  .. ,  - ,   ,   ,       .          (   ).   -     .

# 31b. "".     ,    .         . "   ,      .         .     ,    , ,  ,    ...      ,       " [163], 1:190, .71. ,   -        .     .     : , , ,  -     .

32.     ()   .    -   VI  ..          [196], [695].   ()   .   ,       .

# 32b. "".   .        .  ,   , "    ,      ,   ()    " [163], 1:190, .71.

33.  .    ( )  .       ,      ().  ,  -    -     -  .       ,    .     .     ,            . .   [196], [695].

# 33b. "".     ( )    .   ,    , .  : "            ,   , -     .        ,     ,    -   ,     " [163], 1:191, .71.

34.  .   -        .    , . " -  ",  -           .           "".      aqua -   equa - .   ,       ,          .  ,          .

# 34b. "".          .      .                 .  : "  ,   ,     ,      .          (! - ..).         ...      " [163], 1:191, .71. ,       ,   ,        -  "".

35.  =  .   . ' , --        (   ) = .    ,          -   .       .    "   "   .

# 35b. "".  .  : "       ,      ,       .            , , ...    ...       .     , ... ,   ,  ,     ... -   " [163], 1:191, .71-72.      ,     .

           ,        .  ,    .     -     " ":   -   ,      (   ,     ,    )    ,   .  ,      ,   (    XVII )     "".       ,    ,        ,      .

   ,      -  .      .                  .       ,        -  ,    ..

36.    ( ?)   1261-1268  ..    ,  XIII  ..   1268     (   ),       ( ,  ?), . [196].      ,  1261 ,        .    III     = .

# 36b. "".    539   ..,   -  1271  ..     1810 .   ,    539   .. [163], .508,  138.    1810 ,     1271  ..       1268  ..,      XIII  ..    .    ,       ,           [163].

      .  ,     ""   X=T+1800.         ""   ,       1800 .    ,      ,   -.

  . .   -  .  .    .       .   ,   " " X=T+1800,   36  (    !)       .   - ,  - "". ,    .   ,       ,        1800 .

    ,           " ". ,         " "      . ,    ,     -  .   .               .        .   " "   ,     "".  ,     - ,     .   -. ,  . , -  ,      ,    -,         .

 ,          .   .  , " "     ""  II.   ""     ""  II .  ,            .    " "      ,   .  , " "      ""  .  ""  II -  ""  II.    ?

  .  ,    ,   -        .  XVI-XVII     "  " (    ),    "".     .     ! ,   -     -  -    ""       ""  .            .

37.  .   " - ". ,   ,    (  -  "" )     "  - -", . " -  ", .5.

# 37b. "".    "- ".     ,      [163], 1:214, .79.

 :        ""   ?   ,     -  , , , , , - -,       XIII  ..   , ,   ,  ""  ""      .     ,      . <<       -       -              - Sire d`Athenes  dominus Athenarum.     ""        ""         Megaskyr ( ).      ,       ,       >> [195], .151.

   ,  , .      . "     " [195]     I  ..  XVII  .. . ,   ,      ,     .       . [195],       ,    (    .  )   . ,       ,     .   ,        ,    1207-1260  ..   . [195] -   151-188(4).

 ,    XIII  .. (  I-XVII  ..)      [195]   .    ,      1810  -        1778  -                "" .  .

38.      XIII   .              XIII  ..   - [195].  XIII      .

# 38b. "".       VI    .  ""       1800 .               ""   VI   ..   - ""        1810 ,     1778 .

 . ,  "  ",   ""  ,    XIII   ?    , XIII  .. -    ,       ,     , , .    = - =   =     1204 .    1261 ,        - [195].         =  (  )   1250-1268  [196].

 ,    1250-1270  .., . ,      ""  ,     ,  .    ,     . <<    ,     ,       " ">> [195], .188(6).

 , .,    ""    ,       (   ) ,  .    ""      XIII  ..

  ,     "" ""      -  XII . .   <<    "" >>.
 6.   ""   XIII-XIV .    - =  .

       ,       .      ,  ,  XIII  ..,   ,   XIII-XIV  ..  -     .     XIII-XV          ? .      .

  .       . "     " [195],   I-XVII  ..       , ,   ..      .   ,    ,      .   ,   - (Saint Homer).    !  -         XIII  .. ,   ,   -      .            .

  ,        -. ,  1200-1330  .. [195].   '      .  ,     , ,                1200-1330  .. ,  ,   -       [195],  ,     XIII  ..  ,    ,  . ,        .

  ,  -   ,  XIII-XV , ,          XIII  ..      :   .       400  500   ,      ,     . ,   -     -     .       . .     " ", ,      -.      ""          ,             [195].

        -    - (  - =    ?) -      1311-1314  .. , ,     ""             ""  .  ,  = -  , . .

   . ", ,   , ,   ,      .  -,     ,    , ,      ,            .      ,    -, ...     ,    -.         .  III  30  1314 ,       ...        -" [195], .210-211.

  ,           XIV  ..     =      .

7.     ""          XIV  ..    ,       XIV  ..

7.1.  .

    =  =       "  ".      ""    ,         VIII   .. [482].   .    ,    ,      .   .     .       ,                [482].

 ,   .1.1,          XIII  ..      .1.1.        XIII  ..   ,  -          .  ,    ,     .

  .         '  "" .   XIII -  XIV  ..       [195], .211.  : "      ,      ,   " [195], .212. ,           ""        . . " -  ".     ,     .,        .

 ,      15  1311  ..            XIV ,       "" .    -   ,    .. . : "      ,    -    " [195], .198. ,      -       XIII  ..,      , . "  ", .6.

    "   ", .       .      ""    : <<  (! - ..)     ...  ,    ,  ;      , " -       ".     , -  , -    ,        .     ,     ;      , ,   >> [195], .212.

,    = ""    - ,  = .  ,  ""   ,  ,  XIV  ..       "  ".  .

39.        XIV   . 1)    1311  .. [195]. 2)    - ,   ,    .     [195], .198, 211-212. 3) "   "     -    -  1311  ..

# 39b. "".       VIII    . 1)    ""    753   ..        XIII  ..    -  ""      ,   I   .. 2)  "" ,    ,   ,    .  -  ,  [482]. 3)  ""       .

7.2. ""    -    -       XIII  ..  , -,   XIV  ..   .

      XIV  ..,      ""    ,         ,    .   ""  . ,     "" ,       ,    .           ,     (  )     -  [579], .23-24.  ,     -    . ,      "  ", . "  ", .6,       "  ",     , ,  -  XIII .   ""   -     = ""  XIV-XVI .            " ".

      = -       XIV       ,    .       = ""  XIV ,       "" .             ,   ,     .    " ": - (   ), - ( - XV-XVI  " ")   .

     . -,      XIV   ,       = -.  -      "" ,       XI  .. (    ) , -,   - " "  " ".

7.3.      -     XIV  ..

      "  ", . "  ", .6,    XVI-XVII      ( )   - .    . , .         -  .  , ,   XIV  .. ,        ,   "  "  XIV       . ,    ,         " ", . .     "" ,  XVI-XVII ,     " ".       .   "   ".

7.4.           XIV  ..

   .  [195]   XIV ,     .   ,  -     c  ""      -   XIII -  XIV . .  "  ".    ,        " ". -,  = - (  )    =  ,        .  , -,      ""   "".  ,    - - XIV-XVI ,    .  , ,          [267], .282-283.          ""       ,      .

 : <<       "    ".    (         - ..),      ,         ,       .        ,   .     ,        ,             >> [195], .211.

-,     "" -,    , ,      . : "     .    ,    ,     , , .     ...          ,   -    6000 .    ,      .       -          .      ,   " [195], .212.

      . ,  ""     ( )    ""       ""      .

7.5.  II  -   "" .

 "" ,    -   ,    ,     753   ..,   .  "   "    1311  ..,   ,             - -  ,    ""  .   .

   XIV  ..  : " ,    -         .                ,         ...          II   ...        ,    -     -   " [195], .213.

       (     ),          ,    ,  ""    ,  . << ( - ..) -   "     (! - ..)"   ;       ( II - ..)>> [195], .214.

 =  II   35 . .   .    -   -  37 ,   .     .       .     .

8.    -  ""  .

   ""      1810 ,  ,          - ""       , -       - "" ,  ,    II .

40.  II   XIII  ..        4 ,  1285-1289  .. [195], .379.  1289    .         .

# 40b. "".   .       .  8 ,   530-522   .. [72], .193.

    1810 ,       1280-1288  ..   ,  1289 ,       II ,         1288  ..   ,      ,  , 4  8 .

        1205-1460  .. [195], .379.     ,  ,       II       ""   (-?) -    .            "" .      .

,        ,  ,  : 1210-1218  ..   II: 1218-1245  ..    . ,     +,   +  +,    +.   ""   -. ,   XIII  ..   , -, .    .  "".

        II , 1307-1313  ..,   "" ,   , , , .           .   -,    ,   -     XIII  ..     II  .

41.    XII-XIII  ..    XII-XIII  .., ,        [195], .157, 188(5).  ,     "       " [195], .157.

# 41b. "".  .   ,   528   ..,  ""    ""  ,    293   .. [72], .204-205,  VII.  ,      -  "" ,      -      1810 .

42. ""    XIII  ..  II  ,  ,   ()  [195].

# 42b. "".    " ". ""         +.        .      = bis , -  -,   (!)  .    -   II () .    - ""  = ,    ,  -,      =    .

9.    -  ""  .

    ""  ,         -     I ,  522-486   .. [258], .169.  .1.4    ,    -    .         II     -  II .

43.  XIV  ..  II .    35 ,  1302  1337  .. [195], .188(37).   1337  [195], .243.  1302   II       II .   II      II .     -  I,   .  II      ,      [195], .214.

     ,            .  ,   . [195]   . [76]              ,     !      .,           ,         .

# 43b. "".    I , . .1.6, .1.6a  .1.7.   I   36 :  522-486   .. [76], [258].  ,   ,    II,  35 .      .  .1.8      "  ",     (),             .      .  ,       .

44.    -    XIV  ..         ,   +  +.    +.       [195], .243.

# 44b. "".    . ""      .  , ,      ""  "    ...   " [766], .88. ,         .        ""  -      . ,       ,  "" =  =  = -     .  ,        .

,     ""    -    XVI . .   <<  -     "" >>.

10.   -  "" .

 ,  ,   ,   .          ,   -   .   ,  XVI-XVII ,      ,   ,  ,   " ".

45.  -   XIV  ..    II   ,    [195].         ,   " ",      .

# 45b. "".  - .      (?)    - "   ...         " [766], .92.

46.  XIV  ..  .  -       [195], .221-222.

# 46b. "".  .        (?).  ,     -   "" -  .  " "  " "    .         :   (  )   ""  ; -  -  - . . " -  ", .5.    .        ,   ,        ,              . ,      .   ,       [195], .221       " ", " ",   +  +,      .

47.     1314  ..     1314  ..     [195], .222.

# 47b. "".  - .   ""       (      1810 )   - .   492   ..  (-?)       ""  [766], .92.    1810      1318  ..,     1314 .  ""    ,     4           1810 .

48.  -    XIV  ..  = - -       XIV .  : <<    (     II    - ..)    (  "",    - ..)     >> [195], .222.   ,      ,     -, " ".

# 48b. "".  -  - .  (-)     - . "                    " [766], .92.

49.    XIV  ..        . "                       " [195], .222.

# 49b. "".  .     (-?)  ,       [258], .179, [766], .92.

50.     1315  ..      .      1315  .. [195], .223.

# 50b. "".     .    (-?)      490   .. [258], .179-180, [766], .92-93.  -   1810      : "" 490   ..   1320  ..,     1315  ..

51.    XIV  ..     II,       ,   .  ,  -   = -.

# 51b. "".   .  -     I (?).        [258], .180. ,   -    .   ,  ,     :   .  , -  +,   -  -.

52a.    1316  ..              [195], .223-224.

# 52b. "".   .    (-?)     490   ..      "" [766], .93.   1810   "" 490   ..  1320  ..,     1316  ..,   .

53a.    XIV  ..   1316  ..     .     (, ?)  -, - [195], .223.

# 53b. "".  . ""            490   .. ""      (-?)   [766], .92.  ""            .         .

11.   -  "" .

54a.  -   XIV  ..   1316  ..        - ,       [195], .222-223. ,     ,     .   ,      ,  ""  ""            XIV .

# 54b. "".   -  .      (-?)   "       ,    " [766], .93.      ""     .        .          . ,      (  -),   "   ".

55a.  -    XIV  ..      [195], .223.      .

# 55b. "".    .    ,      .    ,  ,   . ,   (+) -    .  , ""       .

56a.      XIV  .. 1)          .    1315  ..   1316  .. [195], .221-223. 2)      1316  .. [195], .223.

# 56b. "".      . 1)    (-)    .  -   492   ..,     490   .. [766], .92-93. 2)       (+)   [766], .93.

57a.    XIV  .. 1)  -   .  -   [195], .224. 2)    . 3)   . 4)    1322  .. [195], .224.

# 57b. "".  . 1)  -        " "  . 2)    . 3)   . 4)     489   .. [258], .184.

    1810 ,       ""      .   ""     489   ..  1321  ..        1322 !       .   ,      489   ..,   ,      ""       1810 .

  "" ,      ,   .             . ,     , .  : "   ,      ,  ,    ,   ,       " [195], .224.         .

58a.     XIV  ..    ,    1322  ..      .        .   ,   ,       ,       1331  [195], .224-225.

# 58b. "".   .      ,        .    ,  -   -     .    .     ,   489   .. [258], .184.

  ""    ?     ,        ,  ,     . ,     "   ,       " [163], 6:135, .310.      . ,   ,   " [] , ,   (   - ..)  (?! - ..)" [163], 6:135, .310.   ?

       -    ,  "" ,  ,    ? , ,     ""  .        ?             .  ,        XIV  ..         .   "".     "  ",            ,     ,   .   .     , ,    50    100, -  XV-XVII  ..           .    ,  -  ,  -  .

  .     . ..,   "  ",   "" - ,    "  " [766], .93.      -   . ,  ..       ,     ""  ,  .    . ,    ,  , -            ""      [1217], [914].

12.    -  ""  .

    ""  .   ,     ""   -   I  -     II   -   II .    ""    -      <<  -     "" >>.

59a.   II  XIV  ..     1337  ..,     II ,  1356  .. [195].     .  ,  19 .        1311  .. [195], .378.        .

# 59b. "".  .      22 ,   486  464   .. [72].     19     .      1810 , ""     1324-1346  ..,         1337-1356  ..      ,       = . ,         -,  , -,   -, ,  .     .  "".  .1.9  .1.9a     .

60a.     XIV  ..        1331  ..     [195], .236-240.

# 60b. "".   .         480   ..      [766], .94, [258], .184.       .    1810      ""   ,  480   ..   1330  ..

61a.     XIV  ..   II - , "        " [195], .236.

# 61b. "".  .     (-?).  ,  (  -?) -  ,    "" .  ""  (-?)   -, -    1810      ,       .

,           [195], .236. ,      ,  ,   XIII  ..            -       = -  [482].   ,   ,        . ,       ,    .

        ,  ""         -,     (?),       . ,           -   . , ,     .  ""    , ,  -    XIV-XV , "" .   ,   PARS,     ""  "",       -.

62a.         XIV  ..    = -   =    -        XIII-XIV  ..        [195], .236-237.

# 62b. "".    -  .   ""         .      [258], .184-185.

    XIV  .. -     -          ,   ""    ""   V   .. , ,    .: "     .         .  1329      ' .    , ,       ,        ...    " [195], .236.

63a.        XIV  ..  1329  ..        . " 1330   XXII (  - ..),    (   - ..),      ,                     ;       ...      .  XXII         (! - ..)" [195], .237.

           .  1330    XXII "          (! - ..)     (     - ..).      .        .      ( - ..) ,              .        ( - ..)      .       .    ,  (  - ..)         " [195], .237.

# 63b. "".     . ""             "" .         (-?),    ..,     ,   .,     .

    : <<  ,   ,           ;   (483/480)        ...    ,        " "...       ...   ,      ,  >> [258], .185.

        (?).    : "      ,            .        .            .           ,  , ,    ,  .      ,        ,            " [163], 7:1, .313.

64a.   XIV  ..               ,    - [195], .236.        .

# 64b. "". .                ,  "   " [258], .185. ,      ,   ""  .    ""   V   ..           (?),     (  -?),        (   ) -  .        .

65a.      XIV  ..  1331  ..     ,      .       .   .    [195], .239-240.

# 65b. "".   .   480   ..    .        .         .      (  -?) [163], [258], .185-195.

66a.  XIV  ..    .   .       ,     ,          , "   ,    " [195], .240.        . "    ,       ,     ,        ;     " [195], .239-240.

# 66b. "".     . ,         .        .           (-?). "      ,     ,       " [258], .190. ,                 .                  , ..

67a.  XIV  ..     .  .   . -  . "  1332          " [195], .240.         ,  .

# 67b. "".  -    .  .   , , ,  .   ,   .  (   ?)     (-?).          [163], .373.

   ,  "" -   ,    . ,        XIV  ..    .  ,        . . : "      , " [195], .240.         "" "" ,    - .  ,    ""   ,    , , ,                      -   ! -  .    ,  XVI  .. (  )     <<  -     "" >>.
13.  300    - -   "" 300   .

       "" -    300           480   ..  ,               ?   300         .  ,   -          XIII-XIV  ..  ,    ,        . [195].  ,       ,          ""   !    ?

    ,    1810 .      ,   1330  .., -    ,     480   .., -      .  -        1810 ,           .    ? ,     "  ", .6,   1810       1800 ,   1778 .       .       300  -!

,    ,      XIII  ..,   -  1275  ..     - (    ?).   ,   ?   .  (-)        .    ,        - ( ?)  .  (?)          [195], .188(17). ,       "" ,       - (   ?)      .

68a.        XIV  ..  ,  ""    ,     "  ".      [195], .188(17).        ().

# 68b. "".  .    (-?)       .      .     ""  , ,   ,    -    -     - ( ?).

69a.    -  XIV  ..  - " 300   "     ,    [195], .188(18).  ,  - , ?   .   .    -  . ,     "   -- (  ,  ? - ..)" [195], .188(17).

# 69b. "".    .             (-?) [258], .190.   "",         - !     ""   ,       .

          ""       . ,  <<     ( - ..)        : " ,   ">> [195], .188(18).

  ""    : "     ,     !" ,    : ",  ,   ,      ( - ..),     ,   [ ] " [163], 7:210, .369.      -,     .    ,    XIV  ..    ,  ""   ,    ,    ""  300   , ""    " ",     !

    -    - , ,      ..      ,    : << ,    (  - ..)    VII:210,     ,  "   ,   [ ] ".            ( - ..)  >> [195], .188(18),  3.

 :     ?   -    .      ,   , ,   ,           "" . ,   .   ,   .  ,   300     1275  ..     .        "",   300     .  ,         XIII  ..     XV-XVI .

  . " ( - ..)     ,        .   (-? - ..)  ,       " [195], .188(18).   1275  ..   480   ..  1755 .        1778 ,   1800-1810 .  ,         .         ' ,     .

  ,   ,  ""      ,       " "  .  ,  , -. ,     ,           ,    .      ,    - ,      .

 ,  ,  ""        -,   -, .     XIV  ..     " "    1810 ,  .        (?)   (   ?). << (-,         - ..),   ,  1354    ...  ...         .      (     - ..)          (! - ..).      ,     >> [195],.252.  ,  .,    .

   .   ,     - .           ""     "".   ,  " "      ,       .

"              " [195], .244. .        - XIV-XV    ""  (-?). "       ,    ,    ,        " [195], .302.  :    "" - ,  "" -    ?

 "" =  --  .      ""  ,      1810 .     ""      431-404   ..,   ""  [923].

14.    1374-1387  -  ""  .

14.1.  ,  .

" 431   ..     (431-404),          " [766], .154.    ""   .    ,      , ,      1374-1387  ..,        .     13 .          "  ".

   1810 , "" 431-404   ..    1379-1406  ..      1374-1387  ..  ""     - 27  13  .    ,         ""   .   ,   ,  ,     ,    431-411 ,    20  [923].          .   ,   411  404  .. "   " [258], .270. ,         20   ,     ""  (20 )    (13 ).

     "  ", .2,   "  "     -  ,      .      . ,      900   ..   1700  ..        .     XII  ..  .. [544],  -  XI  .. -       . ,  ,       .    .

 : 1039  .., 1046  .., 1057  ..

  (): 1133  .., 1140  .., 1151  ..

       .      " "  .. ,            ,           ..,   ,     XII-XVI  ..     ,    .

  .     ""      1374-1387  ..,   ,             .     -     XIV  ..  -  XI ,   -  XII .    ?    , . "  ", .6, ,  "  "  ,   ,    ,       .          :

 333 ,   360 , - ,

 1000 ,   1053  (  1152 ),  ,

 1778 ,   1800 ,   1810 , - .

 ,  ,     ,      ,       ' . -, ""         .         XI  ..  XII  ..,  -   XIV  ..  ,       ""  ,      .

  ,          '       .  .  1039  ..         [923].      XIV  -  1374  ..   1039   1374   335 .      -   333    360 .     . -, ""  -  . , ,      .       ""       1810 .

14.2.   .  .

70a.   .    XIV  .. 1)   XIV  ..       [195], .259  . 2)  XIV  ..        1373  ..        [195], .258-259.

# 70b. "".   .   . 1)        [258], .267. 2)               .     432   .. [258], .279.    1810 , "" 432   ..   1378  ..  ,    1373  .. -   .

71a.  XIV  ..    .    XIV  ..      ,  ,  1374  .. [195], .259.

# 71b. "".     .  ,      ,     ,   431   .. [258], .279-280.

72a.   1373   .    .  . "       ...  XI...       ,    .     ,     ,      ,  ,   ,  , ,   ,     1  1373   .     ,     " [195], .258.

 : "               ,              ,       " [195], .258-259.           . "              ...           (! - ..),         " [195], .259.

# 72b. "".    432    .      ""   432   .. "           - 432 ,       (       )          .           ,    .       ,    .       " [258], .279.

73a.     XIV  ..     XIV    : "     ,  " [195], .259.

# 73b. "".   ""  .    "" ,         : "     " [258], .279.

74a.  XIV  ..     .  1374  .. ,  ,    ,       .    [195], .259. ,   .   -      .

# 74b. "".     .   431   ..         [258], .283.  ,       ,     .      .     , ""    ,    .    1810 , "" 431  ..  1379  ..     1374  ..

75a.    XIV  ..   XIV  ..     [195], .280.

# 75b. "".  .      . "       " [258], .343.

76a.  XIV  ..     . 1)   ,  1377-1378  ..         [195], .265.   ,   ,      ,    ,      . 2)    .        .  ,     "" .

# 76b. "".       . 1)    ,   431   ..,       [258], .283. 2)  ,      "" .

77a.    XIV  ..  .            .  ,  1380  ..     . "      " [195], .266.  ,  , .

# 77b. "".     .           .        . "        " [258], .287.

14.3.   -  "" .     -  ""  .

78a.     XIV  ..         " " [195], .265.  ,       [195], .274.        . -,    " "  .

# 78b. "".   -   .      .         .    ,        .

 ,  "" ,       :       .        :       .

79a.   XIV .  : "    ,        ,        " [195], .274.

# 79b. "".   .          [923]. .  [258], .280  .

 .1.10  .1.11     XV ,  ""    ,        [988:00].   ,    XV  " "  ""     .   ,        , .1.12. ,     = , .1.13.   ""        , .1.14.         ""  , .1.15.           .1.16. ,            ""   . ""      ,        .

14.4.   -  "" .   .

80a.    XIV  ..   XIV  ..      ,            -      . , ,  " " [195], .258.    ,      [195], .280.

# 80b. "". .              -   [258], .338.    ,  ,    .       ,    [258], .342-343.

81a.  -    XIV  ..    .        .   .         1387  ..     .       [195], .280.

# 81b. "".  - .     .   . ,   ,     ,   .   .     .   ,     [258], .342-344.     .   -     "" .

82a.      XIV  ..         . ., ,     : "   ,  " [195], .281.

# 82b. "".  .       ,      .  , "      " [258], .343.

    XIV  ..,      . ,   ""        . . : "   .        (   - ..)   ...      ,   (   - ..)    .         ,        ...             " [195], .280.

      ,        ,   ,        ""  .              " ".

 : "      ,         ,    ,           .    ,     ,      ...   ,           , -      (  ,  ""  - ..).   ,  , ,   ,   ,     .     (  ""  - ..).      ,     " [195], .280.    -          ,     " ".

83a.    XIV  ..          - .     " " [195], .282.

# 83b. "".  .         " ".         "  " [258], .344.  -       .

84a.      XIV  ..   ,          . ,    , " "  .             .  1392  ..     , ,   ,   " ".    . "    .  ...    (   - ..)     1392         ... ,     ,  ,         " [195], .290-291.

# 84b. "".   .    ,          .   401   ..      ,      [258], .402-403.  , ,   -   -.     1810  "" 401   ..    1409  ..     1392  ..     .     1800   1399  ..,     .  ,    "  ",       ..  , ""         XIV-XV  ..

85a.    XIV  ..    1394  .. [195], .292.

# 85b. "".  .     395   .. [258], .407.    1810 , "" 395   ..   1405  ..       ,   -  1800 ,    1395  ..  :  1405 ,  1395 ,    1394 ,      .

86a.  XIV  ..     .   . <<  1394   ,      ,  ,  ,  ,     ,      ,    .       ,        "">> [195], .292.

       -      ,  .    "".  , ,   "     ...   " [195], .292,  2.

# 86b. "".     .  ,      ,   . "...           ...       ,        ...   ,      ,  ...           " [766], .206.
15.            .

       " -  ", .1.    . . : "          -  ...  (  X  .. - ..)          ( - ..),     (   - ..)" [195], .24.

 XII  ..        , "    (! - ..)" [1274], .16.     ""   ,  ,         [1274].    XIII  .. [544], .4, .806. , ""        , !

     . "            ,     ...                     ,    ,     ...            ,         PARTHENOS" [195], .31.    .

"" - -    , .   - ""   -   ,        XIII  ..

 , " "  , .  , ,  ,     ,    XIV  ..

87a.        XIV  ..     "" .          ,    ,       XIV  ..,  .   ,   "  "            [195], .293-294.

,   " -  ",     !        . "       ( -  ),     .     ...       ...     ,       .  ,       ,   ,   ,     ...    -        ...        ,     ,   (PARTHENOS)        (  " " - ..)   .    (! - ..)     " [195], .294.  .1.17  ""  ,   .

# 87b. "".   ? ,     447   ..      1810 ,     1363  ..,          .  ,  ,  ,    XIV .

88a.      XIV  ..         XIV  .. ,   - "  ". .  .

# 88b. "".     V   ..   -      V   ..    1810         XIV  ..

16.    -  "" .

89a.    XV  ..  , ,       -   (, ) [195], .309.

# 89b. "". .  , ,   ""  - ,  428-347   .. [766], .249.       .  .1.18    ,  1493 .    -.

        . ,       -      1415  ..  " 1450  .." [195], .363.  ,      .       1452 .   , ,    " "    .      ,  ""   ,    .  ,             [195], .363.

     1810 ,   ""     1382-1463  ..  ,         .      1800 ,     ""  1453  ..,     1450  ( 1452 )    .      ""   . -, geminus : , , ,   [237], .452.  ,  " "     ,     !       .

     "  ", .1, ""    .    ,      ""     ,  205-270  ..,            .

,   ,   ,      ,   XV  ..         -  .   -       ""  .  ,    "  "      .        "  ",       " "  .

  ,   "",     ,       XIV  .. "  ...  ,         ,     ...           (     - ..) [195], .330.       ""-   .

  " "       XV  ..,        [247], .143-147.        -   "  ". .. : << (  - ..)   ... -           ,       .       (,   ,     - ..) "  ",        (        "" ""  - ..), ...   ...     >>. .  [544], .7, .638-639.

 ,    ,   -     ,    (,   ..),        .     " ",      .

90a.     XV  .. ,        XV  .. "           " [195], .308.     (). ,      "" . "   II      (),   ,          ;            ...              ,         -         ,  , ,    -     " [195], .308.

# 90b. "".   "" .      "" ,      " "    "" .  - , , ,   ..

91a.    XV  ..         () [195], .306-307.

# 91b. "".   .       .

 .             : "   (! - ..)         ...            , ,   " [195], .307-308.

92a.    XV  ..      ""   .        . ",   -      .   ,        ,      (! - ..),     ...    ,        ; ,   ,         ...      ,         (! - ..)      " [195], .308-309.

# 92b. "".  .  "" ,   " ".

93a.  XV  ..    "  ".     "  "      [195], .309,  1. ,      . ,    [195], .309.

# 93b. "".    "".    ""   ""            . , ,      " "  .

 , ""   "" -     ""   .     "      " [195], .309.     ,     ,              .  .1.19      ""  .   " ",              ",  " [195], .309.

 ,   . " "  V   ..  " "  III  ..       XV  ..     " ",      ,     . ,    -      "  "?

17.    -  "" .

       "" .  -      .     1810    ,         ,  ,            XIV  ..    ,  , ,    .

          1800-1810 .   ,  ""     404   ..,   ,     1400  ..           . .  -    1394  ..   .

94a.       XV  ..           (  1400  ..)        XV  .. ,       50   1400  1450  ..

# 94b. "".  .             IV   ..      50 ,   400  350   ..     ""      : " " [766], .206,  " " [258], .400.   - ""   -      1800-1810 .

95a.  - ()  XV  ..     -.     .            . ,    II   "     ,   ,      .  ,   ,     (! - ..),       " [195], .306.

    " " (-?)  -.  : "   ,               ,         ,   ...    ...       -   ...    (! - ..)         " [195], .307.

# 95b. "".  .     .    ,      -   400-350   ..,  (-?)    .     - ()  . "                    " [258], .401.

  ""       394   ..,     . " ,            " [258], .408.      ,      (! - ..)" [258], .408. ""     , "    " [258], .409. ,           "      (! - ..)" [258], .408.

   ,    1810 , ""            ,       XV  ..     . "      ...        ,    153  ...     ,       " [258], .307.          (),   ?

18.    -  "" .   II -  ""  II.

     "" ,     .

96a.   -   XV  ..   XV  ..     - .     - -,  .   ,    XV  ..   .      XV         . ,      -  - -,    .    .

# 96b. "".   - .    IV   ..   .       - .        IV   .. -  350-320   .. -    " " [766], .270.   ""        . ,        - .     :  - ,    - . ,       .   - -   ,    . .     "".    ,     . ,     () -       ,   ()  .

97a.  -  XV  ..   XV         .          . "    " [195], .307.  1446  ..    - ( ?)    .    ,  . "      , ,  ,    (   ? - ..),     ,    " [195], .346.

# 97b. "".  . "      ,             .   IV  ( .. - ..)         .         (357-355 .).            -  " [766], .270-271.

   1810 ,  1446  ..  "" 364   .. ,  -  ""      .

98a. -   II  XV  ..     II   II,  [240],   , .1.20  .1.21.       .1.22, .1.22a. "                " [195], .359.            .

   -  -   .     ,      ..    ,          .   ""  " "            .   ,   XVII ,        .  .1.23    "    ,  ,     XVI " [578], .2, .16.  : "      ".         ,     .         ,    ,     .       ,    .

,        - (). , ,  XIV   ,    (handtartsche), "  .       (brusttartsche),            ,      " [264], .2, .10.  ,   -    , , .   -   .1.24.           .

# 98b. "".    II, .1.25, .1.26.     - "   ...   IV           ,            " [766], .271-272.   ""      .

99a.      II  XV  ..      1451  .. [195], .347.

# 99b. "".     II.       359   .. [766], .271.    1810 , "" 359   ..   1451  ..,           II.     ""     .

100a.  XV  ..     II.       21  [195], .347.  II  30  [76].

# 100b. "".     II.       23  [258], .476.       II.  II  23 :  359-336   .. [258], .476.    .

101a.  II  -.   (?)     1298 (  1299-1300)  ..   I =  I [76], [797], .940.   -,      II,    = .  ,   - ,   - .

# 101b. "".  II -  .  II    [258], .462.    ,    II     [76].     = .          .  ,    ()   (  )    .    ,     -  .          " ".         .

102a.   .   =  (?)     II  1298-1451  ..      1451 .  1298     [76].  ,   II   153 .

# 102b. "".  " ".     II    540-359   ..   359   ..     II. ,      II   180  [76]. : 153   180   ,   .  ,        1810 .  ,    (?)   1298  ..           VI   .., , ,    ""  .

103a.   I.   (?)    I [76].

# 103b. "".  I.      I [72], .195.  -  -    .

104a.  II    XV  ..  .         ( ?)  -         [195].

# 104b. "".  II    .         -           .       [258].

105a.    1453  ..          - -   [195].  .

# 105b. "". " '"   364   ..   364   ..    ""-  - " " [766], .353.    1810 , "" 364   ..   1446  ..,     1453 ,      .  ""    .

106a. -    XV  .. 1)   II   =  (?) ,    ,     . 2)       ,   -. "   ,     ,   ,    " [195], .350.

# 106b. "".   . 1)  II    ,     . "      " [258], .463. 2)  ""     (?) ,          II [766], .272-277.    ,   ""     .   - . -,      .    .

 20.    XV  .. -   ""    IV   ..

115a.     -  XV  ..   II    .   -    1453  [240], .54-56.      .  =    .  1453  ..            [195], .349. .1.27      ,       - [140].  .1.27a   ,   ,    .     II .   " ".

# 115b. "".     .  II    ',    ,  338   ..,              .  ,      . ,      ' (!),      [258], .474-475.

       .     - (?)  .         .      ,      .  ,    -,  600 ,   [240], .43.          . "     ,   ( II - ..)    .        " [240], .56.  ,      "  -", .4,       -,      .

"        ,      (        1919  - ..). ,   ,   ,    ,  ,         50 ;        (      - ..)         (! - ..),     " [240], .56.

  " "  II     ., .1.28, .1.29.        ,   ,    .

116a.   -  XV  ..  .       -,     .     ,  "  - ,  ( - ..)     ...  , ,     ,  -      -   ,       " [195], .349.

# 116b. "".      . ""       .        " ".      ,      .     -      ,      II [258], .474-475.

117a.   -  XV  ..    .   II <<   (   ? - ..)      ... -   ,       ... ,   ,    ...       ,    ""        ...       >> [195], .350-351.

,      ,         . " ,    ,     ...       " [195], .350-351.       " -  ", .1, ,  - ()      XI-XV  ..        " ".  .1.30     XV .

   -. "     ...        ...    1458   ,  ,      , -     ., -     .       " [195], .353.          XV-XVII .

# 117b. "".   .     ""   .   338   ..  II  ,   ,      .        338   ..      .           .          II.    .    337   .. "   " [766], .283.  : "    -   ...     .          ...          " [766], .283.  ,    ,    =  (?) .

              =  . "      ,    .   1459          ,     ,        ,        .      ,   ...  ...        ...              " [195], .356.

  =    XV  ..       (    !)   . . : "               ,  .     ,       ,      " [195], .362.        " -  ", .1:5.

118a.    1459  .. ,     -    1459  .. [195].

# 118b. "".     338   ..  ""    [258].    1810 ,  "" 338   ..   1472  ..     1459  ..   ,   ""     ,  ,  1800  .   1462  ..,     1459  ..  , -,      ""  . ,             (!) [195], .357.   ,       "",        ,   II.

119a.    II   XV  ..      1470   1485  ..   ,   1480 , -    II,      [76].

# 119b. "".  . ,      336-323   .. [766], .353.

 ,        1470-1485  ..     .   ,     [195]   .             II. -,       -     ,      1470-1485  ..   ,   ,     "  ".           ,    .

120a.      XV  .. 1)   =  (?) ,     .     II. ,     . 2)  -,    ,  .    .   "  -".

# 120b. "".    =  . 1)    ,    ,  .     " ". ,  ,    ,           . 2)  ,        .  ,         [240].  .1.31        . ,    ,    .   " " .  .1.32.   ,     ,  IV   ..,    -,    -,   (?)  [660], .2, .400. . .1.32a  .1.33.  .     ,    -        II      - XV-XVI  ..    -   (1520-1566), .1.33a.  .   "  -".

121a.    XV  ..      .1.34.

# 121b. "".    .       ""   , .1.34. ,       ,      40- .  ,        ,   .         ,     . ,        .

,  ""              " "  .    III   ..       [766], .294.    ,       =  ( ?)     .

""        ,  ,      .            "    ".     ""          ,      ,    ,    .     "  "       "  " [232], .154-159.

 : "           ...    ,     ...     ...        ,   ...           (?)...        ,    ,    .   X .    ...       ...     ,   " [232], .154-155.      .1.35. .  .1.35a.

 ,    ,    ,       .       = ""  XIV-XVI .  ,  .1.35        ,     .       .        , . .1.36, ..,   [232], : "        (?! - ..),   -   " [232], .156.

   ,       ,   - ,     -  . ,  ..         - "  ".      ,    ,  ,  -.       .      , ,   .

  ..     ,   "   ", .1.37,  ",    ", .1.38.         ,     .   -   ,   ,    ,    .    .    , "    " [232], .155.  ,       ""  XIV-XVI ,      .

 .1.39   "  "   ,   XII  ..       ,      .     .  : "  ...      . -,    .  ,   .          " [232], .157.  .1.40       ,   .

    "  "  ,       : .1.41-    .  .  . .1.42,   .1.43 -      ,  XI  ..  . .1.44 -      ,  XI  ..,    .1.45    ,  XI-XII  ..,   .          ,  XII  .. [232].

        ,  " -  XII-XIII ." [232], .158. , "        ...  ... " [232], .158. . .1.46.

   , ""           . ,        -         .

 ,  -  ",  ,      ,      " [232], .154.

 .1.47   ""    ,   XVII   ..        [863], .12. ,     " ". ,    ,   ,          XV-XVI  .. --       .

    ,    "  ,  2000-1450 .  ..,  " [863], .12,    1450   .., "        ,     " [863], .12.   ,  ,  ,  XV-XVI  ..    " 1450 "  " 1450 ".

   .  =  (?)     ,  ,  ,  ,   .       .    ,     ,    VII  ..   XVI  ..    :

    622  .., 

 I 1389(?)-1421  ..,    

 II  1429-1481,   1451  1481  ..

,   I   XV   ,  "   "    II,   .  ,     ,      830 .      II.  ,     VII        XV . .   " ".

122a.    XV  ..    ,   =    = "" ,      - " ".      XV    . "      :       ,   .      (   ,      ,      - ..),       .    :      ...       ,    ,     " [195], .360.

# 122b. "".     III   ..            ""    "" [766], .297. <<             ( IV-II   ..)...       ...   ...        ...         ,       ,          " ".     >> [766], .297.

      ,      . "     ,             (.     ,   1800-  - ..),          .  , , , ,            ...         ,         " [195], .360.   , .       .

123a.     XV  ..   ,      =      "   ",   ,   =    . ,       [195], .354.         ,     "",  : "     ,        ,   " [195], .361.

 ,  =   "  ", " ", " "?                XVII-XVIII ?     ?    ,          XV-XVI  ..  " ",      ,     XIII-XVII .

,   ,  ""      =  - , ,    .          XV-XVI .              " "   .   -     ,   XVII-XVIII ,     . , ,    ,      .1.48, .1.48a,       .             " ,    " [304], .3, .72.  ,      .      .           ,      .      .

   , ""        . , ,   ""   ,          , .1.49.

 , "" ( !)         ,        ,   -   " ".

 ,       .     ""      "",      ,          .     "   ".  ,     ,   ,    .      ""              XVI-XVII ,         ?    " ",        .             XVI-XVII .   -.      .   ,    "   ",   ,   ,         .

 ,  ""       .            , , .   ?      ,      , ,       XV-XVI .            (    .).       . ., , .1.50.       "  ",       ,         .   ""        . ,  ,      XVI-XVII .     .   "  ", .6.

 ,      XV-XVII   ""-   .        .   ,     , "   " [533], .2, .120.     , .1.51  .1.52.  ,      XV-XVI ,    .1.50,   ""       .          -,       " ".

    " "   =.

# 123b. "".  II    .     , ""        .     II,          [766], .328.

      -      -  - .,   ,       ""   .  : " ...       (     - ..)  ,       " [195], .367.     ,  "     "      ,  =  XV-XVI .        , -      , -     (  = "" )    .    " ".

 : ",               .   ,       " [195], .324.  , .      "" ,    -  "" . "           (! - ..)" [195], .324.

124a.    XV  ..     . "     " [195],         .

# 124b. "".  .     " " [258]   "  " [766],  ,  ,    "" .

125a.        .   ,         XI-XV  .. [195].      =      ,        ? ,       " -  ", .7,        ,     . , " "      III,       .

    - "    ", . " -  ", .1, -       .      : "  ,            ,     ...  ,   ,   ,          .          ,          .

, ,           ,  ,    ,   ,    ,    ,   . , , , ,  ,    ,   -             .       (,           - - ..)...   ,        (! - ..)      ,         " [195], .325-326.

# 125b.    "" .        ""  -  , ,   ..      .  ,    "   ".      XVI-XVII .  ,      ,     XII-XVI  ..   , , , , ,   . ,  XVI-XVII          .

21.     ""    "".

,    ""      .         ,    "  ", .5.  ,  ""       .   -   ,    ,      .       [163] , ,  . [195]     .          , ,    ,  ,   "" .     :   = ,   I =  ,   =  II ,   I =  II,   =  II .

    [163]  . [195] ,   . ,     .     .    ,         .     .  ,         ,  .

1)   ""  [163].   17     ,      "".          -  .      .     ,   : "       " [163], 1:25.    26 : "        " [163], 1:26, .18.       "" .

2)       ""     .  ,  : "       " [163], 1:92, .41.      .    : "      " [163], 1:95, .42.    ,    . ,     18-42,       ""   24 .

3)        1 (): "   " [163], 1:214, .79.      : "     ,  " [163], 2:1, .80. ,   :  42-79,   "  "  ""   37 .

4)        : "     (      - ..)      " [163], 3:70, .161. ,     79-161,    ,  ,  82 .

5)       .  : "      ...        " [163], 7:4-5, .314. ,  ,  ,  153  -  161  314.

6)       ""  [163], .453. , ,   , :  314-453,      139 .

    "" ,       17 .    " "   .1.53.

*1)      "     " . [195].  1261  ..    .     .    [195], .188(11).        : " ...        " [195], .188(14). ,   ,  ,  3 .

*2)        188(25). ,       11 : 188(14)-188(25).

*3)        II .     II [195], .188(37).  ,      .    II    "  " [195]     " "  II.      II    II  .188(37). ,     II  12 : 188(25)-188(37).

*4)  II      236,      ,    .        II     -  243-.  .236     II    II.    II ,  55 : 188(37)-188(45),    189-236.

*5)  II  .  .       .250 -    .      14 : 236-250.

    "" .  .1.53.  .1.54        ' ,       .  ,  ""     .            , .     ,            . ,       .       .        ,   ,  .

22. .

""  -         XII-XVI  ..    ""       .     ""   .    ""        . , ,   -   "" ,    ,     ,     " "       .       XV  ..

"" ,  " ", , ,   , -   ,   XIV-XVII  ..    ,  -  ,  ,     .      ,    ,      .  ""     ,          .  ,    " ".        .    ,  - ( ) .     XVI-XVII  ..   .

,          .        .   ,   .         "", " "   .

 2.
      -       1800   .

0. .

    ()   "  ", .6,   .1.1,   ,    "  ".       .

 .2.1, .2.2, .2.3         ,     -   .       .2.4,    " "   .   ,   .     " "  , .2.5.               -,   .2.4  .2.5   1  16. ,  ,    .    :  1-3  .,  1-3. ,  11:1-11:9  .,  11,  1-9.  ..

,   : 1)  1-3; 2)  4-5, 3)  6-9; 4)  10; 5)  11:1-11:9; 6)  11:10-11:32; 7)  12:1-13:1; 8)  13:2-38:30; 9)  39-50,  1-14; 10)  15-40, , , ,  ; 11)  1-18; 12)  19-20; 13)  21, , 1 , 2 , 3  1-11; 14) 3  12-22 (= 1  12-22), 4  1-23 (= 2  1-23); 15) 4  24-25 (= 2  24-25); 16)     : 4  24-25, 2  36.

 ,  13, 14  15    1 .   2 . .     -       1800  -      900   ..   1500  ..   '      . ,    1800    ,           .          , .    " ".

-              ,  -    .   " " ,     " ".

,           1800       (  ).  ,          :    =    + 1800 .

       ,    =+1800    ,      .

 "a"        .  "b" -      -      1800 . ,  "c"       XI-XVI ,       . ,    1800      ,  "   ".

,   "c",     ""  " ".     ,        .   -   "c"  ,   " ".   ,            .      :  - ,  ,    - ,   .   " "   ,      ""  " ".

1.   ,   .

1.1.  .

   ,   .  1-3.             ,    .    , ,    ,      ,    .      .2.1, .2.2, .2.3  .2.5  ,      .  ,  ,     -. ,      -  XIII  ..     " ",    .   .2.1, .2.2, .2.3  .2.5     .

) .   ,       . # b)      .    ,     .     ,  . ## c)      .

.   ,  ,    ( 1-3). # b. 1-    .   VIII   .. ## c.      .

1. .   .       -  ,   .     "",  , .2.6.  .2.7    :       !  .2.8     XV ,            .        , .2.9.                 .    .        .   ,      , .   "".

 ,  .2.10   "",     .   XV .     -   .   .  .2.10a.         ,    -    .    , ,    ,    "  "    - .        . -,            , . " -  ", .1.  ,  "" , ,   ..,   ,     XVI-XVII  ..

# 1b. "".    XIII   ..

## 1c.  :  -  XII  ..,    XIII  ..    -.     -,   1185   -, .  " "  "  ".

2. . ""     ,      ( 2-3).    "",     " ", , .

# 2b. "".    XIII   ..

## 2c.  .    -  XIII  ..      XIII   ..,     VI  ..      VI   ..    " -  ", .5.

3. . -    ,       ( 3:23-24).       .  -  ""  .

# 3b. "".   ,   ,  =  =    .     "".     , . .

## 3c.  .    ,  , ,    -     XIII  ..        ,      . ,   XIV    ,     , .  "", .9.

4. .    -  ,   . ,   .  "  ",      .

# 4b. "".   XIII   ..  -   .       "  ".            .  ,   ""   ,             .

5. .    ""      ( 2-3)          " " ( 2:17, 3:6-7). ,     .        , .2.11.   , .2.12.   -  "" --   .

# 5b. "".     XIII   ..      ,      - .      -  .      .      ,    -:    .

## 5c.  .  ,         .  -    XIII-XIV  ..,      XII-XIII              . .  ""  " ".

6. .   ,    , -       .  ,     .       ,       . ., ,  .  .2.13.       ,      .  . .2.14.  ,  ,     ,      . .  .2.14a.   .   " "  .2.15.       ,     .

# 6b. "".      ,     =   .       . ,            =  . ,      ,    :  -    - . ., ,  .2.16     .     ,    ,   .        ,      .     ,  ,   . -,       ""    -          ,    XIII  .. , ,   ,     =     [524:1], .578-588.

 .2.16a       " ".    " "  ,    [851], .93.    ,  , " " -   .   -    , .   ,  " ",    ,  .        .       .    ,  ""   .            ,    ,    XII-XIV .          .       - .  , ,         . ,     .

 .2.16b       .     ,   - .

7. .     .      .  ,   ,   ( 3:13).   ,        ,    . " "        ,  .     . ,      .  " "     . ,  "",    ,      XIII-XV .  .2.17      1470 ,  "    ".  -    XV-XVI   ,     " ".

# 7b. "".   ,    "  "   :   .        [851],    " ",      .           ,        .    "" --      -   .

## 7c.  . -,       XIII-XV .     ""  -  .        . ,     XIII-XV , ,     "". -, "" -   (?)    -, . " -  ", .1.

8. .   ,       . "  " ( 3:16).

# 8b. "".   ,   .   ,    [851].     -     . . " -  ", .5.

9. . ,    =  ,    =   . "        ...       " ( 2:8, 2:10).

# 9b. "".  ,   ,     ( ),      " " [851]. ,  -    .     " -  ",           . ,  .   -    -.

## 9c.  . ,         ,   ""    ( ?). ., ,   .2.18. .  ""  " ".   =        ,     .       -  .     XIII-XIV      ,  ,       , ,  ,    .

,  ""    . ?   ,    .2.18,    =     RHA.  , RHA -      .             ,     RHA.

10. .       ( 2:14).

## 10c.  .   ()       ,       ; .  ""  " ".      -     "" =  ,  , ,    (-).     .

11. .  3:23; 4:1. "",        .   :   .  , "  "   ?

# 11b. "".     : 780-750   .. .   .2.1, .2.2, .2.3, .2.5.  -    251-306  ..,      .    -   -  .

## 11c.  .  XIII  ..      ,    -,     - ,       -  . .  " ".

1.2.    =    ( ) =    =    =    .

       =    ( ). -,   ""         . ,  ,   ,     -.    ,   ,     -.     ,      , .2.19, .2.20. "      " [533], .1, .82.

    ""   ,   . "           16-18 ." [533], .1, .82.           .            .               ""-  -   .

  ,       .    , . ,      .  .2.21        (1461-1521). "  ".           .   .

#   -  ,    .

#  ,   , .2.21.       ,    .

#    ,   .    ,  -,     , .2.15.     .

#      ,     .    ,  ,   . "- "   ,      .  ""- ,     ,       ,    ,   [851]. . " -  ", .5.

#  ,     .       ,        . -,   ,    , .2.21.

#  ,       .      ,  "    " [533], .1, .82.

#   ""        -,       . ,  ,  ,  "  ",      .   ,    .

 .2.22     "  "   "".           .   ,   - ,  -    ,  -  -.

,         ,  .        . ,  .2.23    XIV  ".  ".       : -,    ,   .   . ,      .   ""         .      . ., ,  .. "  ", .2.24. ""     (    ),  ,    .2.25.

.      ,   "  ",     "   ", .2.26.       "" ,  . "" -,   ,     .

,     -,        , .2.27.

    ",  ",     ""- , .2.28.     ,    ,    -   -.  ,   -,  "" ,    .  ,   .    ,   ,  .  ,   ,    "" ,  .

 .2.29    "  ".   ,   , ""    ,        ,  .  -   .     "  ",         - " ,  ".

,       "   "    "  ", ,   ,    , , . ,    -     ,       XIV-XVII      .

 ,             ""-     .  .2.30        .     ()  ,  .    -  .          ,  . ,       -  -.       . .  .2.31  .2.32      .

 ,       , .2.31  .2.33,     ,   .      .2.34  .2.35    .            -   .

 .     -.

1)     (  ).

2) ""-     .

3) ""    (  ).

4) ""    ( ), .2.36.

5)      ( ).

   ,  ""   " ",     -    ,          . -,  -        ,          . ,    " -",     =  .

1.3.          ,     - ""-   ?

  .         ,     ?    ,    ,           .    .  ,      - ,    [223], [225], ..    -  "",   (.).     GLOBO = , GLOBUS = .    BALL = , APPLE = , -.   BALL = , BALLON =  , -.   . .     <<  "" >>.

          - , . , .  ,       ,      .          ,   .            -   , . ,  .2.37      IV.      -     .  ,      ,  ,       .      .2.38, .2.39, .2.40, .2.41.

,      ,   ,        "",   ,  ,    .

  ,   ,      ,  , -   .    -     ,     .     XIII-XIV .   ,   . -    .     ,   ""-    (),     -  ,   , .   , ,      " ", .2.16  .2.42.  " "     -.   .

   "",    1485    .       .     -  , .2.43  .2.44.  ,     , -,   ,  , .2.44.  ,        ,  ,   ,       .    ,   , .    -,   . ,      ,          .       .  ,   XVI-XVII ,   XV ,     .

, ,       ,    ,      .        XVII .

          , ,     ,  1530 .          , .2.45  .2.46.     .

 ,  ""      , . .2.47,          .
 2.   ,  ,     .

    .  4-5.

1. .    .   ""   -     .     ( 4:8). . .2.47a  .2.48.    ,  ,      , . .2.48,      [1267], .44.    .2.49      .                 .

# 1b. "".     VIII-VI   ..      -    . ,   ""  ,   .

## 1c.  .  - , , ,     -  . ,       ,    -  -. .  ""  " ".

2. .       :   ( )    ( ) ( 4,5), [76],  1.  , -,         ,             :  =    = .  -         . .    .  .2.50   ,      ( 4:20, 4:25)       , .2.51.

# 2b. "".      III-VI  ..    -   .

## 2c.  .     X-XIII      ,    .     (-?) XIII-XVII ,    = "" . . . , - XIV-XVI    ,  =  , .  "".

3. .   ,    ,     ""- ( 5:6-31)  [76],  1.  .2.52   ,  .   ,        .     XVII-XVIII .      .2.53     XV ,   .  ,       .

# 3b. "".     VIII-VI   ..      . . . ,   7  9  .

3.  , -,  , , -.

    .  6-9.

1. .      "   " ( 6:5),     "    " ( 6:4),      .  ,     ""-       .  : "     ,   ,      ,   " ( 6:2).

# 1b. "".     =  =      "  ".  ,      " ",        .  , ,     ,        .         .

2. .  " "   . "  ...  ...     ,   ...     ...  ...   ,  ,  " ( 6:6-7, 6:11-12).       -  , .2.53a.

# 2b. "".  " " (?),  ,    ,   .

## 2c.  .    -  XIII  ..  -.   -   - =    1204 .

3. .       ( 6-7).     ,    .

# 3b. "".    ,    XIII   ..,    VI  ..,   ,    ( )  ,    ,   [695].

4. .          .          (. ).   . .

# 4b. "".  =  =    "".      -.

## 4c.  .  , ,      ,  NEW. ,     XIII  ..,   -.   (?)   =         . .   "  ".  ,            -  , .  "  -".  .2.54    XV ,   .      ,  , .2.55     .    ,         .    ,      "  ", .2:47,     - . ,     "  ",       ,      XV  "   " ( ), .2.56.      ..

5. .     ,     -       ( 7).                ,   "" ().  -     ,    -. ,             , . " ", .4.

 .2.57     "   ,    ",    ( ).         .     -     ,       .    -    .  ,  , . ,        . ,          ,       . ,   ,   .           ,     ?  ,             !   ,         -.

  ,    ""-       ,    ,       , .2.58, .2.59.  ,    ,  ""-        .   ,         " "    .   ,   .          .   ,      .      .

6. .      .      ( 6-7).         .  ,  ,      .       ,          ().

7. .        ,       "",     ( 6-7).       . ,  ,   -,  -  ,   .   -  . ,     "",         .

8. .   " "      ( 6:14-22), . .2.59a.   " "       ( 25:10-40).   (?)    -  ,     .

# 8b. "".    -     : "           " [196], .3, .461,  26.

## 8c.  . ,     " ", -,       ,  ,  XIV-XV  .. .  " ".  ,     - . "  -", .6.

9. .    (?)    :   .          ( 9:13),    ,  .         ( 24:7  ).   :  .   -  ,   .  " " -         .    .

10. .    (?) : "       " ( 10:32).

# 10b. "". ,     XIII   ..,     VI   ..,     VI  ..   -   =  = ,    ,     -  , , . . .

## 10c.  .    XIII  ..  ,      .    .  "" =     XIII-XIV  ..  ,   , , ,   .          XIII  .. .  ""  " ".

11. .   =    ,   ,    (  15:8).                 [670].

# 11b. "".   ,     "    " [196], .3, .437.    "   ". .  [196], .3, .437.     "".  ,           .

## 11c.  .     -     ( = ) -     -   XIII  ..    = "" ,      " ". ,  XVI ,    - - ,     , . "  -", .2.  XIV ,    - ""     (  XIV ).        ""     ()   .

# 12b. "".        (=  ?)  . .  [196], .4, .582-583,  53.   ,    , [482].

# 13b. "".    "   (    - ..)  ". .  [196], .3, .437.   ( )  ,  , -   , [482].

# 14b. "".    -  (  -)  "   ". .  [196], .3, .437.       !      .         .  -     [482].   ,  ,     ,    ,   "   (?)".

            . . : "   ,    ,          . Remus  Romus...     (" ")    Ab-Rom, Abu-Rom, Baal-Ram" [196], .3, .461,  26.   ,  - (, -   -)      ,   -     .

15. .      , ,   ,    ( 9:2-7).      ,   ,     - =  (.   ).    -   ,      -  .     .

      -  -, - [544], [99], .77,78.     . <<  ,      ,   ,   " ", -   ... ,       ... ... [ ],           ...            ,        .    ,  ,  >> [99], .77,78. .    " ",  2.

16. .      : "   ,     " ( 9:6).    : "   ,   ,    " ( 21:12).

17. .      ,    (),    ( 8:20-21).      ,   ,        (. ).
 4.   : ,   .

    .  10.

1. .  -       ,    ,    ,  .

# 1b. "".            , ,   ,    .         .           VI-X  ..,      VI-I   ..

## 1c.  . ,  -       XIII-XVI  ..,  "",          XIII  ..    = ""  XIV , .  "".

5.  ,  ,  .

    .  11:1-9.

1. .    ( 11:1-9).      : "       " ( 11:9).  .2.60  .2.61      " ".  .2.61a  .2.61b         .  ,        " ",      "  ", .3.

# 1b. "".    -           XIII   ..;  -    VI   ..   -     VI  ..

## 1c.  .    XIII  ..   - "    ".    .  ""   .      ""  -  . .  ""  " ".

2. . ,      ,    ( 11:9).

# 2b. "".    VI  .. ,  ,   ,       .       .

## 2c.  .     ,  , - - . .   [267], .85.   , ,    -.    ,  ,   ,   , , .      ,      (   ). .  " ".

6.    .

    .  11:10-32.

1. .   ,       .     (?) ( 11:10-32).

# 1b. "".    =  ,      . ,        ,    .     7  [482].   9  "" 7 .

  ,        ,   .  :          ,      .  ,           .    .

7.   .   ,   .

    .  12; 13:1.

1. .  -   :      [544], .5.        ( -  -).          , . " -  ", .3. ,   "  "    = . ,   , , ,    ,    , , (  ROOM),   ..

# 1b. "".     ,   330  ..     .    -    . ,      1053  , ""     753   ..   ""      300  ..

## 1c.  .           XI  ..,        ,  ,  - XIII  (.   "  "),       1380  .. ,    1380  ..  1053  (       ),    330  ..    -       .  , ,    ""   -.   1053 .   -     (   1100 ).  .2.62       1558  (Biblia Sacra).    .          .

2. .        . "   :    ,        ...  ,    " ( 12:1).

# 2b. "".  .     -        .      - ( ?),       ( ) -   [482].

3. .    -  ,  . ,        ,    . ,    ,   . .  "".

# 3b. "".      =  =   -    .    -   ,    250-300  ..

4. .      -.    - -   ( 12:10).

# 4b. "".            III  .. -  IV  .. . .

## 4c.  .  - -  XIII  ..      .  - ("")    "-",    - XIV-XV . .    " ".      ( )     .

5. . ""  . "        ;       " ( 12:15).

# 5b. "".  " "   ,    , " "   ,  , ,   .

## 5c.  . "  "    XIII  .. . .

6. .   - .        ()      .     -    - .

# 6b. "".      - ,     .        - ,    . . .

7. .    "".

# 7b. "".             :  ,  , . " -  ", .5.

## 7c.  .  ,    XIII  ..     -,   -  1185 .               XII-XIII .        ""   -.   .       " ",    , . .

8. .     ,   - (""),      = ,   : "          ,  " ( 12:17).

# 8b. "".       (?),   =  =  .    ,    , .

9. .     =     = .            ( 12:18-19).

# 9b. "".    ,  XIII  ..   .    ,         [851].

10. .   "  ",   -: "   ( - ..)   (- - ..),    ,  ,    ...     " ( 13:1, 13:3).

# 10b. "".        ,          .          - ,    .        , . .

## 10c.  .   -          XIII  ..,     = "" , .  "".

8.   ,    , , , , , .

    .  13:2-18;14-38.

1. .    =    .      -,   .    -  ( 11:26).

# 1b.  .     ,      IV  ..,   .  ,    ,   =  IX, . .  =     ,      XII .

2. .  "" ,      ( 11:27).      ,       = ,        .   -  , .  "  ".

# 2b.  .    [482],  ,      ,    .  -    .

3. .    =  : "     ...     (    - ..)" ( 12:2).

# 3b.  .             ,    =   .   -  = ""  XIV-XVI , . "  ", .6,  "".

4. .    ,   -    -         ( 13:1-9).

# 4b.  .    ,    (  )     ,   ,    [482].

5. . ,       : "     ,   ...     .            " ( 13:6-7).   :  -  .

# 5b.  .        [482], .1.     VIII   ..      .    - ,   ,         .        -   .           IV  .. . " -  ", .3.

6. .   ,    .  ,     ,      4       ( 14:12).

# 6b.  .      VIII   ..   ,    IV  ..  I    ,   , . .    ,  I     .

7. .  "   " ( 13:12).     ,  "      " ( 14:11), . .2.62a.

# 7b.  .    , ,      -       (?)   (?),  . ,        .

8. . "   :        ...   .      ?    .   ,   ...      " ( 13:8-9, 13:11).

# 8b.  .       III-VI  ..        .        .  . -         .     I  ,      ,     I  .   - .

9. . "      " ( 13:11).

# 9b.  .    (-)       ( ?),    ,   ,    .

## 9c.  .    , .  "",          = "" : - ()  = ().  ,   ,  ,   XIV-XVI  ..

10. . "     (! - ..).    (     - ..)   " ( 13:11).

# 10b.  .  -    = ,     =  ,       IV  ..

11. .  "   , :      ,    (- - ..)   ,  " ( 15:18).   -   ,  ,   -   -, .  "".

# 11b.  .      IV-VI  ..   ,   .

12. .     ,    ( 16).

# 12b.  . ..       ( - )    VII  ..        622  .. [544], .6. ,       ,   .      333 ,        . ,      -     ,      ,   .    " "   ,     .

13. .   " ",       ,       : "          ...    ,    ...      ...  : ,    ,    " ( 19:24-25, 19:28). . .2.62b.

# 13b.  .   ,        ,    IV  .. ""       ,  79  ..       -  (   ),  (   )  .       ,      , . " -  ", .5. ,     ,     .

## 13c.  .    , ""   79  472  ..,  "" , ,  ,    1138-1139   1500 ,   , 1631 .        ,  ,   XVI-XVII  ..

14. .   ,       ( 23).   ,    -   ,    ,       : "...    ,  " ( 23:7).

# 14b.  .       IV-VI  ..    ,       = .    " ".             ,   VI  ..

## 14c.  . , ,  () -      = "". .  "".

15. .       ( 23:10).         ,   (  = )   ,       = .

# 15b.  .  =        =   .    =      .  ,    , "  ",    .

16. .    "" - ,     . "     ,  " ( 25:11). ,  -       ,   . " ".

# 16b.  .   =  I =  I =            .    ,   " ", . .  -      -    333-368 ( 333-378)  ..

17. .    ,     ,     ,      : , , , , , ,  ( 12-50).

# 17b.  .  ,    (    =   =   ,    ,  XIV-XVI  ..),     .        =   -          .  ,   -  ()   ( ) -         -.
9. , ,   ,   ,   .

    .  39-50  .  1-14.

1. .     ,  ""  - =  ( 41:41-44).

# 1b.  .  - - ,         V  ..

2. .      ,   - ("") ( 37:1).

# 2b.  .      ,    .

## 2c.  .  , " " -   ,    -,   ,  -""    XIV . .  ""  " ".

3. . , -    , -     - ("").          .

# 3b.  .      ,    , -     .   ,       - = - = -.

## 3c.  .      - XIV-XVI  . " ", .4.

4. .      - ( 37).      -.

# 4b.  .        .   ,  " " -   . . .

5. .      - ( 37  ).

# 5b.  .     17 ,   476-493  .. . .

6. .       -: " ( - ..)  ...    " ( 39:2).  -   -.

# 6b.  .     [64], .39.  -   ,   -  .

7. .     .  ,     ,   .       .    =         ,   ,      .

# 7b.  .         476-493  ..   ,   ,      =         =  .    ,        ,   =     ,    - .

8. .     -:  =      - : "   ...     ,        ;      ...        (  - - ..)" ( 41:39-40, 41:43).

# 8b.  .      ,    -,      .       [64].      - " "    .

9. .      - ,       = ,  " ".    ,        -  ( 41).

# 9b.  .   ,   -       (  ), " -"   -  -      . ,  ,    ,           ,       . . " -  ", .3.       <<      ,  "         ":              .   ,  "       ".   ,   ( - ..)   ( - ..) "     ">> [64], .40.   .  ,           .,   ,     .

10. .       -        : <<...      :... "       (- - ..);   ,  ">> ( 45:9).       ( !)  -.   : "      (- - ..),     " ( 46:4).     ,   - ( 46:6-26). ,  -   .

# 10b.  . ""          [482].    ,  ,     ,         -   ,      .      493  ..     -.    " ".      .  ,     - [544].       " ".   -   ,       .     -   .

11. . "       ,        (- - ..),    ,   ,   " ( 47:11).    -  -     -  (?).

# 11b.  .      - ,  ,      .  ,          [695].   -      [482].

12. .  :    -     ,  ,     -  ( 47).

# 12b.  .   ,   , ,   ,     -  . ,    ""      , . .  ,    - ,   ,  ,   ""  , -      ,     .      ""     .

13. .     -    :     ( 32:28). ,      [544].           .   ,    ,   .

# 13b.  .          - -    ,  .         , ,        ,   ,  ,     - ,   .

14. . "    ...    : ...    : " ( 41:50-52).      ,       ,    .       ,   ()      ,     .

# 14b.  .   -   ,    . ,          ,     ! . ,    . ,   VI  ..    :  =    =   .         .

15. .  . -        ( 49:29).   ,    .

# 15b.  .            .        .     VI  .. -    .    -  .

16. . "          ;      ,     ,     " ( 1:6-7).

   ,         - XVI , .   " ", .5.

# 16b.  .          -      .     526  ..       , . .

17. . "  "        = .  -  ,    .         = .    ( 39).

# 17b.  . "  " -      =  =  .   ,  ,    -    .    .       - , . " -  ", .5.

18. .        =  ( 39:1, 39:7).

# 18b.  .        ,   ,    .  = . .   [482].

19. .        ( 39).

# 19b.  .   ,  =          [482].

 ,  " "      ( 39:8).  ,    ,     ,      ( 39:12-18).   : "  ( - ..)...      ... , ...     ,         " ( 39:17-18).  ,    ,     ,    .  ,   ,    .

20. . ,   "  ( - ..)     :   .  ,      ,    " ( 39:12), . .2.62c.    .

# 20b.  .   ,     .        = . ,        ,     ,  ,      , ..

21. .          (),   .     ( 39:20). ,   ,  ,      = .

# 21b.  .        ,      [482].     " " - .   -        ,    .

        ,   ,  ,   (  ),        ,         .

22. .   ,    , "   (- - ..)  ,    ,    : ,       " ( 1:8-9).         =   - = .  .  =      ( 1:16).

# 22b.  .      526  ..      535  ..,   -        (   )  .      .      ,   527  .., -       , -    "  ",  ,     I.

23. .          ,      ().

# 23b.  .     VI  ..       I, ,       , . .

24. .   ,     ().    ,     = ,        .  ,      =  , -       , -  ,  .

 : "   ( - ..),       ,        (! - ..),    : " ( 2:10). . .2.63.  ,         = .         : ,  ""   [482],  , "-"  [695], .2.64.

# 24b.  . -    , ,  ,  ,      = . ,  -   -  " "  ,       . ,     .    - ""  (   I   ..) -  ,  ""  ( ) -     -  ,   -   = .

24/1. .     - = .

# 24/1b.  .   ,  =      [482].  , ,    ,  -   .

24/2. .    - = .

# 24/2b.  .    ,         [482].           .    -     .  ,      ( "")      [695].

24/3. . ,   ,   -     = .  ,         ,     "".

# 24/3b.  .   , ,   ,           [482].  , ,   ,             [695].

24/4. .  - =     .

# 24/4b.  .   ,      .  [482].  ,       .   - ""  [695].

24/5. .   ,   -  ,         ,        .    ,    .

# 24/5b.  .   ,     ,        ,    .   ,   - [482].  ,   I  ,   .    " ",      [468], .54. ,   =         .  ,   .

24/6. .     .

# 24/6b.  .   ""-   ,  VI   ..           ,  VI  ..

24/7. .    - =  .

# 24/7b.  . .     [482].  I  " "   ,      ,   [695].

24/8. .    - -,      - - "" = .

# 24/8b.  .   , -    -,        [482].  , -        -,         [695], [196].

   .2.64   -     .       .

25. .      = . . . .

# 25b.  .  I       [695], [196].

26. .  -      ( 3:1).  ,      , . "  ", .1.     ( 3:1),        : "  ( - ..)         .   ,     ,    " ( 3:2-4).  ,   "" -        ,      . " "     1874    .2.65.

# 26b.  .     VI  ..   , -     [482],    [695], - ,  ,       ,    .

27. .     =  ( 7-12).      ,     .     -   ""  - =  - ( 12:29-31).  : "    [  ] ,    ,     " ( 12:30).

# 27b.  .        [695].  - -       -   [482].  ,        = ,       [851],    .       ,       .          " ", .4.

28. .   = ,   ,      = .

# 28b.  .   = ,     ,      [851].

## 28c. ""-    , ,         = "" , .  "".

29. .    [544],     ""- . ,         .

# 29b.  .  ,        ,        .   ,   ,   -      ,     -. ,    .  ( )       , ,     XIV  ..

30. .    ,  "" = ,  - = .  ,     ().

# 30b.  .   =  =  =       .    ,    [482], [695].               :        -,   , ,     =  .    ,    , . .

31. .  =   ( 14).

# 31b.  .   .

32. .     = ,    ( 14:27-28).

# 32b.  .     = .   - " ",     , . .

33. .  -,       -     : "        ...     ,  ...            [] " ( 13:21-22).

 : "    ,       ...    ,  ...         .        " ( 13:17-18).

# 33b.  .    =   --    . ,  ,      .        .  ,    ,       ( )  ,   - -  .          . .  " ".

34. .   .      "    "  ,     .  -          . ,  ,    -   , . " ", .4.  .2.66    "   "    .     . ,  ""-    ,          .

# 34b.  . "  "       ,     VI  ..,    IV  .. -    -    " " XII  .. [721], .44.      ,    363  .. "       ...    ,         ,    ,  ,      .           " [721], .44.

 10.      .

    :  15-40, , , ,  .

10.1.   .

1. .    -      : , ,  .  -   . .   -.   -  .

# 1b.  .   '   , -    (       ), -      :  I,  II ( 685-695  ..     705-711  ..)   III , .

2. .         I.   -  .           .

# 2b.  .  II       .    (  ) -  ""   -.

3. .  -   .         , , .

# 3b.  .  I -   ,  ,    .  -       -.     ,     , , ,   .     .

4. .  -  ,   ,     .   ,   -   .

# 4b.  .  : <<        - " ",  ""   .         "">> [468], .64.

5. . ,       ,        (., ).

# 5b.  . <<     ,  ...       " " -    >> [468], .64.

6. .         :  ,    .. (, , ).

# 6b.  . " ,       , ,  -      ...        " [468], .64.

7. .       .  ""  120  ( 34:7).

# 7b.  .  I   II     -  180- ,  527-711  .., ,  ,   , . .2.67.

8. .     =      -. .  -    = . ,   =  = ,  . ,    .

# 8b.  .   II   III      VII -  VIII  .. [468].    "  ".  ,      ,   "  "  .

9. .          - ("").

# 9b.  .     VII   VIII  ..  " "   - [468].

10. .     " "      =  = ,    = .     ( 28:1-2),   .

# 10b.  .     II,         III  ( 717-741),  -,       717-820  ..      III,  IV,  V [468], .2.67.

11. .      .  ,  : "      " ( 20:4).             .

# 11b.  .    .     III,    717-741  ..        ,    .            [468].

12. .    (!)     ,       .      .

# 12b.  . "      ... -   ,      ,      100 " [468], .119-120.

13. .  "   ( - ..),    ...    ( - ..),     ...    ...   ,    ,     ...      ,   " ( 9:15-16, 19:21).

# 13b.  . " 726 .        ,     ...     VIII .,   ... " [468], .121.  727        III.   .

10.2.     .

14. .  ,   =  =     ,      (. ).

# 14b.  .   -   "",      , .2.68. ,    " ",    VIII  ..       1050 .     =+300       ""     718-731  ..      - III ( 717-741  ..) -   , ..    ,  VIII  .. -    .   "" ,    ,  ,  XV-XVI  ..       ""     .   ,   .

15. .     " " (  10:17, 10:21, 10:28-29).       .   " " (  12:19).

# 15b.  .  ,     , -   -,    . ,    " -  ", .5,      .

16. .      -       .   ,     , ,  .        .       ,   =   ,   -  .       .  .2.69     = .  .2.70 -   .  ,       .    , , , .

# 16b.  . ""-      , , ,   .  -   ,           :  ,   ..         .        .           .   ,              , . .

17. . "  ...        ,  ,   ;          " (  1:1, 1:4).

# 17b.  . "     " [660], .2, .418.       ,  , , .

## 17c.  .    (. " ", .4-5),     -  =  XV-XVI .       . ,     : ,  ,   ,   ,      .  ,        -.   ,      ,      ""   ,     ,     .    "  "   .

    ,   [660], .2, .412.   "  ", .1, ,   -     :  = ,  V = .      .  ,      .      , . " -  ", .7,     -          .   ,   ""     ,       -.       ,   ,   ,  .

,     .     ,      =      -,      ,   =  ( -  -  = Paris),  , .   -  . -,           XIII-XIV  ..,         ,     XVI . . " ", .8.         ,     -   , . "  ", .1.   ,    ,     -.  ""  , ,   ,     XIII-XVI  ..

18. .         : " ,   ...   []  []   " (  6:19).   ""  ,   ""         " ",    .

# 18b.  .    ""   ,   , , .   [660], .2, ,        "  ".     "     ",     [660], .2, .413-414.       -      .  ,   ,        [544].       ,  , -, -.

19. .     ,      (  8).

# 19b.  .  ,     [660], .2, .414.     .

20. .      , .2.4  .2.5,  = ,  -,      .     : ",   (   - ..),  ,    " ( 3:11).

# 20b.  .     VI  .., ,   ,    [695],    ,   , -. ,         , -,       .  '    .    , , ,    " ".  .2.70a      (Teodorick, Ko"nig der Goott),    1514 .       ,    XVI    ,      (!). ,      ,         .

21. .   -,    .     ,      (.).

# 21b.  . , - -     - ( ),   .

10.3.  ,    .

22. . "       ,   ,      " ( 3:25).

# 22b.  . ,     (,    )   - =  ,  . ,    -   .

23. .        ,  =      (.  ).

# 23b.  .    ,      . " ", .4-5.

      ,    ""-   .             ,    . ,    -   ,        ,    XIII-XVI .  . "  ", .2.

## 23c.  .       , -,   XIII-XIV ,        XIII , ""  XIV     XV-XVI .     .

24. .     =   .     .      .

# 24b.  .         .

25. .         .       .      (.  ).

# 25b.  .        =       ,   . ', , , .   -  , . "".

26a. . -   .

# 26b.  .   =      .         Helena.      . ,          .     = ,    =  = .      ,    ,   Helena,   .  ,    -,     .

27. .   =   ,     (= ).  ,   ,    ""-  . ,      (  ), -    ""  ,        = -.

# 27b.  .   =   ,     . ,   "" ,   ,     .  ,   " ", . "  ", .2. ,       +.  .2.71      ,      (  1165 )    ,     .

28. .          =  =  = .

# 28b.  .    =        =  = .         .

## 28c.  .  , ,     . .  "".

29. .  -   ,       ,   - -.

# 29b.  .    ""- , ,    , .2.72.      ,     .

30.  .     =     ,     .

# 30b.  .     =    ,      .

31. .           (  22:30  ).

# 31b.  .   ,     ,      .      .

32. .  (    )         - ,  .       -  (.).

# 32b.  .    (    )    ,  ,  -, -   , .2.73, .2.74.        , ,  ,  .

33. . ""  ,    =        (.).          . , ,     .

# 33b.  .   ,   -   ,   -.  ,  ,   ,    . ,     ""- ,      ()    ,   -, -    ,            ()    ,    -.

   ,        ,             .       XI-XII  ..,  ,  XII-XVII  ..

10*.      .  "  "    XV-XVI  ..,       .  .

    .           ,  , ,  .  , ,    "  "     ,   7-10   . .     ,                   1800  . ,  "  "        .  -     , ,  XV-XVI  .. . " ", .6-7.

34. .    (.  ).

# 34b.  .      .    VIII-IX  ..

  "  "   "  " [652], .24-147.      .  : "     ...    -      XII  (   ,    , -,     - ..).       , ,   ,    .         778 ,         ,       ,         .   ,   ,             -    .               " [652], .19.

         . : <<       (?! - ..)  .      829 ...       .  ,           .  ,           (? - ..)   " "    >> [652], .19-20.

      ,     "  " . " "         ,      .        ,    ,      - ?

 .2.75        .     .     ""     , ,   , "  (  - ..)    XIII  (    )" [643:2], .110, .1.       ! ,  ,      ,   ,    XIII-XVI .

 : <<,    (,    , , ,     - ..)         ,    "  ",       XII ,      ...    ...          (   XII ! - ..)... ,  "  ",  ,   ,         XI >> [652], .20.

,      -  XII ,         .

         .   ,  .2.1, .2.2, .2.3,       , - ,  , -  "",  XIII-XVI .  ,     ,      -    ""  XIV-XV     XV-XVI  ..               .

" ,   -   ,    ,  ,         ( ,    -       )" [652], .20.     "  " ,      XII  ..,     ,   .

,  ,        VIII  ..,    " ", ,  .

 : <<,          "  "...       ,  ,  ,                  XI -  XII ...             -    .    -    (? - ..),      >> [652], .22.  ,  ,   ,   .

,   "  "  .      ,   -   =  ,        " ", .4-5.

 : "            .        (   90),       XII  (! -       - ..),        ,    ,     " [652], .587.

1)  . " ...     XII " [652], .587.

2)   XIV  [652], .587.

3)    -   [652], .587-588.

,          . : <<   "  "   ""   XIX  (! - ..),   ,  ...      >> [652], .588.      1837 .

  :       XII ? ,  -    ,   ""     .  ,    "  "    XVII-XVIII . -     -  ,       .

   ,  ,  ,     .

)    . # b)  "  ".

35. .          (.  ).

# 35b.  .       . ,  ,  [652].

36. .  ,     ,       .       (  7).           : "    ( - ..),  :     ,           ,   ;     ,    []" (  7:3).

# 36b.  .     .   ,  .   -   ,       .  ,     ,    ,        .     ,   .  ,  ,  20   [652], .51,  LXIII.      2  3  .

37. .  ,      .    . "        ,              ;      ,  " (  7:5).

# 37b.  .       .      .     [652].

38. . "                 " (  7:6).

# 38b.  .        : "   ,     ,  ,    ,     " [652], .101-102,  CLXXXIII.  .2.76      " ".   ,   "  ".  .2.77  .2.78       .  ,    -    -,    .

39. .    .     .   ,       ,   -    .   =     ,        ,   .  : "    ,              ...     []  [ ]  . ,  ...   ,       " (  6:18; 7:1).    ,       -  .

# 39b.  .    -   .         .    ,   -  -   ,      ,  -   .  ,          "  " [652].

40. .     "" ,    -  . ,  -     . .  .       .

# 40b.  .   - . ,     H,    = +.        .

41. .   ,  ()     ,   .   ,          .

# 41b.  .  (-)        .     ,    .

42. .  .  ()          (  7:17-18, 7:25-26).

# 42b.  .  .    (-)      [652], .143-144,  CCLXXXVIII.

43. .    ()      . "       ...      ...  ,    ,    [ ]   ...      ,    ,     .       " (  7:24-26).

# 43b.  .    (-)   30  ,     : "      .      .    - , " [652], .142,  CCLXXV, .143,  CCLXXXVII.

44. .  ,     : <<  ,      : "  ,  (  ,   - ..)...  []   ;  ,   ,    ; ,   ,    ; ,   ,     ...   >> (  7:13-14, 7:18).

# 44b.  .        -    .   .       ,     ,    -  ,     .   : << ...    .  : "  !".        >> [652], .142,  CCLXXV.  .2.79         "  ".

45. .          : "      ,  ,    ,          ,           " (  8:24).

# 45b.  .        ,      [652], .99-100,  CLXXVIII-CLXXX.        ,            . ,            .

46. .        '      (  8:24-28).

# 46b.  .       ,   : "  " [652], .134,  CCLXIV.

47. .       ,      ,     -    ,         , .2.80.

# 47b.  .      ,    ,     ,         -    ,       .      .

48. . <<      ,     []     (  - ..)...    : , ,  ,  ,   !   ,   ,     ... "           "...          ,    []    >> (  10:12-14).

# 48b.  .      . <<      ,    ,  ,      ,     .     : ", , -   ,    -   .      "...          .    .           (! - ..)...  ,   >> [652], .100,  CLXXVIII-CLXXX.

49. .    - . ..

# 49b.  .   - .   :  - .

50. .     ,          .

# 50b.  . "  "  ,     ,        .

51. .     -   - .   "" ,    ,     .

# 51b.  .        ,   ,   - .        -          .  ,        ,    ,  ,  -,     .

52. .   .       : <<          .      : "  >> (  10:16-17).     ,    ,  "           " (  10:26).

# 52b.  .    ().     -,   . " (  - ..)   ... ...   ,   ...   ,  ,  .    ,  ...     ,     ,     ...      " [652], .103,  CLXXXVI.

53. .           -    .

# 53b.  . "  "            [652].

54. .            .       -    .

# 54b.  .  "  "      -    ,    [652].

55. .  :        ,    (  12).

# 55b.  .       . "  "      ,    [652], .122  .

56. .        .   -     (  5-6).

# 56b.  .      "  "     [652], .122,  CCXXXI.

57. .    35 ,   .      .    ,      ,   ,     (  10:20 ... 12:24).

# 57b.  . "  "   ,   ,     .   - 30 .   -   [652], .122-123,  CCXXXI-CCXXXII.  30  35 ( ) -  .        "  ".

 .2.4 ,         VII-VIII  ..      , , ,     .        .

1)      " ".

2)     =  -         .

3)     ,     X-XIII  ..,     333 ,  ,   "  "    ,   ,        "  "    XII  ..    .  ,     333       ,      .

,    VI-VIII  ..      .   -  VII-IX  ..        , .2.1, .2.2,.2.3.

.    ,    ,      ,     " ", .11:7.6. -,       XVI-XVII ,         .  " ",            ,  .     ,       ,     ,  .
11.   .

       (.1-18).

11.1.     .

,           ,       ,   "" ,                   . ,    "",    , ,  " "  .   (        1050 ) ,    300  .. ,   .    ,  ,   ,  XII-XVI  .., .2.1, .2.2, .2.3.

1. .     ,      ( 2:8),          ( 3:12, 3:28-30).     =         .

# 1b.  .    ,         .      VII  .. ,      ,   673  ..      [468],.111. , ,   ,      -.

2. . "  ,  ,  ... ...    ,     " ( 3:12-13).     .      ,    .

# 2b.  . "      .  673 .      ...   5         " [468], .111.         ,    .

3. .   : "         ...        " ( 3:29-30).

# 3b.  .       VII  ..: "    30- ,     -  " [468], .111.

 

11.2.    ""    , ,   .

4. .    ,    ( 9).    ,    (9:5).  ,     , -    "".

# 4b.  .      ""  ,   .   ""        1053   -   11-    .      [660], .2, .41.  ,       .

5. .  -   = .      -.

# 5b.  .  -  ,  - .  ,  .  , ,   " ",        [660], .2, .38.

6. .       ( 9).

# 6b.  .       ""  [660], .2.

7. .        (9:50-56).      .

# 7b.  .       [660], .2, .63-65.       .

8. .  -       ,    ( 9:51-53). "      ...            " ( 9:52-53).   .

# 8b.  .  -   "   (   - ..) , ,        ...           .             " [660], .2, .64.      .

  -      .  ,     -       -     -,   ,    .   ,    ""          ,    .     ,    -     ,    ,   .           ,         .

9. .    ,      "  ,  ,   :      ,     :   .     ,   " ( 9:54).     .

# 9b.  .    ,    .     , "      ,  , ,    ,    (   - ..)   ,    ,    " [660], .2,.65.  ""  ( ?)   .        .

10. .      ( 9:55).

# 10b.  .       [660], .2, .65. ,              :   ""  ,   ,  ""  ,    1800  .

## 10c.  .     ,       ,   " ".  -    ,    1218  .. "    ,     (   - ..)  ,   ,   " [1020],.27.  .  "  -", .1:7.


12.     .

       (.19-20).

12.1.     -   =  .

       ,         X-XIII  ..  .1.1  .2.1, .2.2, .2.3,        XIII  ..,     .  900-924  ..-    .           ,     XIII  .,  ,   =  =  .  ,      ,           ,      .

1. .   .        =      .

# 1b.  .  " "     XIII  ..      .

2. .      .      ,     (19:13). , ,   = .

# 2b.  .     ,  ,    ,   = -.

3. .    "      " ( 19:1).         ()     ,  ,    ()     .

## 3c.  .     =  =-    ,  ,  ,   , . " -  ", .5.  ""    .   , ,    ,     " " (  24:30).  , " "    ,  " "     .

4. .   "", ,   ,    ( 19:2).     .

# 4b.  .         .   ,   ,   -   ,   [851].

5. .      "", "        " ( 19:3).

# 5b.  .         ,    [851].        .

6. . ""    ,      ( 19:4-9).     ,     .

# 6b.  .    ,        ,       [851]. . .

7. . ""       ,     ( 19:15). "      " ( 19:16).  : "  ,   "( 19:13).

# 7b.  .       . ,   =  =   = -, ,         . ,,   ,  (    ""  )   .  ,    ,   -   .

8. .  "" ( 19:22)     ,         . "  ,        .      " ( 19:25).        =   . ..

# 8b.  .   ,   = ,   -    -   [482].         ,  -. ,   ,           ,       "  ".

9. .    ( 19:27-28).

# 9b.  .      [482].     -, . .

10. .           : "  ,   ,              " ( 19:29).

# 10b.  .   -  ,    ,   ""      [851].

11. .   " " (?)       .              -.    . ,     , -,   .  : "                (- - ..)  ...    ,   " (19:30).

# 11b.  .       " " (-, )  .  .1.1   .2.1, .2.2, .2.3         .   ,      .

12. .     "   ,    ...   ,   ...    " ( 20:1, 20:8).

# 12b.  .       .      -,    .      [851].

13. . "        :       !    ,   ;      " (20:12-13).

# 13b.  .         ,         [851], .100-101.    ,        [851].

14. . "        ,  ;        ,      " (20:13-14).

# 14b.  .              [851], .101.       .

15. .  ,    26    400    -   (20:15, 20:17).      .

# 15b.  .   .          .        [851].

16. . "      ,         " ( 20:20).

# 16b.  . ""     .      .   .

17. .          .      ,  -   ( 20:20-48).  47  .     .

# 17b.  .      -  .   ,   ,   ,       ,   . ,   [851].

18. .    ,     ( 20:40-45).

# 18b.  .     ,      [851].

19. . "   ,     (  - ..),     ,  ,      " ( 20:46).

# 19b.  .  ,   ,        [695],        ( =   ?)   .

20. .     : "     ...    " ( 20:29, 20:33).    ,   : "   :          " ( 20:32).     .

# 20b.  .    :      ,      "  ".      , ,   -   .    ,     .   ,    -   ,    .   -  .

21. . "      ,       .            ...      ...  ,   :  ,    ...        " ( 20:37-41, 20:44).

# 21b.  .     " " =  (. " -  ",.5)     =  =  .         -  ,         .  ,     ,   ,  ,   ,      .

22. .      "  ( - ..)      ;    ...   []    ,    (     - ? - ..),  ,         .          " ( 20:42, 20:47-48).    -     ,  !

# 22b.  .     VI ..,  ,    -  =       ( ),    ,    ,       .        .  -    ,     [196], [695].  ,        . ,  ,   -  , - , -, ,       - " ",  ?

 .2.81     .         ,    ,  .  .2.81     .
     :          . ,               .

 

12.2.       -   ,  "" .

23. .         ( 11). . .2.82.       160        ,   -     -   .

# 23b.  . ""        -  . ., ,   "  ".     , .2.83.       ,      .

24. .   .    ,   .

# 24b.  .  ,    +  ="  "  + ()?  -  ,   .      .

25. .      .    ,           ,  ,     .  ,  " "   .

# 25b.  .        ,     ,   .   ,        ,      -  .  .      .

26. .    ""      .    .   - .

# 26b.  .            .   .   .          , ..

27. .   - ,     "  " ( 11:39).

# 27b.  .  - , "  ".   "" .

28. .          .  -  ,              ( 11:34-39).

# 28b.  .         .  -  ,      . ,  -     .  -  .

29. .     .    ,  ,    .

# 29b.  .    ,   , -,     ,     .

13.  .

      (.21),   , 1 , 2 , 3  (.1-11).

13.1. , ,   ,  , .    -   .

   ,  ,    X  ..,     ,        .  X-XIII  -   300  -  "",   .  ,     X-XIII  ..,        ,   ,   =       XIII-XVII  ..       300    ,      X-XIII  ..  ,     X-XIII  ..      ,   ,   -    XIII-XVII .     X-XIII    -,        -   .

1. .          : , , .    .

# 1b. - .    :   I ,  II ,  III ,     .    .    ,   925-1053  ..   ,    ""   ,  .

 : ,  , .    82   ..  27  ..

 : ,  I , .  270-305  ..

 : , ,  I.  526-553  ..

2. . , ,  -    -  .         =  ,              ,       .

# 2b. - .    -    - .   " ", .2.4,      XIII  ..,      -        ,     .

3. .    "  ", -,   . =    = .  -  ,  ,  ,   ,   .    ;  ,   "  ,     .     " ( 4:13).

# 3b.  . "  "       XIII  .. ,        , . .  "  "     .    ,      ,    .

4. .    "   " ( 21).

# 4b.  . ""    ,        .  ,     .       ,             ,   .

5. .           XIII  ..

# 5b.  .         ""  ,   [660].

6. .      -  ,   -     XIII  ..       .

# 6b.  .     = ,   -     .    ,  ,    .

7. .   . ,  ,    1 . .    [544],     ,  ,    VII  ..       ,      (?).

# 7b. - .        X-XI  ..   X  ..     ,     - .     :  998-1030 .  ,   -       I  ,    "",    ,  .        ,    , -,   XVI-XVII  .., . ,        ,  ,    . .   " ".

13.2.      .

8. .               (1  5-7).

# 8b. - .          X  .. [544], .6,     .      , -   , -     [544], .6.  ,          ( ),    ().

         ,  ' -            : -   =  ().

9. .    ,  -,   -         .        (1  4).       "",    .

# 9b. - .   X  .. ,   -,  ,          -  ,  , ,   ,     [544], .6.

10. .     = .    : "  ( - ..)    ,        " (1  5:11).

# 10b. - .        [544], .6.

11. .            -       (1  4-7).

# 11b. - .   ,  -          [544], .6.

13.3. ,   .    -    ,   -  XVI  ..

12. .      -  (. 1 ).

# 12b.  .         .      .  -   II        X-XIII . ,    ,   II  .      "" ,    II.     .

13. .   : , ,  -   -  ,     .   :  1 , 2 ,  3 .  -  .

# 13b.  .   : , ,       X  .. -   -   ,     ""-  ""- .        "" .

14. .  -   .             ( 1 , 2 , 3  1-2).  .2.84     "  ".   ,  ,  XVI , ,      .  -  ,         .

# 14b.  .   -   "" .        .  III ,     .      ""  ""  , . .

15. .      " ",      -  XII .

# 15b.  .         .     " ",      -. ,   ()      .

16. .  -   .

# 16b.  .      -  I, , .       .

17. .  -    . "             (- - ..).     " (3  4:30-31).              .           .

# 17b.  .  ,     :  I, , .     ,   " ",   ,  " ".    -    -               .

18. .     . ,  .

# 18b.  .  I      ,  , ,      534  .. [468], .63.

19. .     .    (3  4:2).          .  , "" , ,    ,    - -,     .

# 19b.  . -         -  ,      VI  .. [196].

20. .  -   ,        ,     (3  6:1  ).

# 20b.  .  I         -       . ,  -               .           -      , . "  -", .4.

21. .  ,         (3  6:1  ).

# 21b.  .     I    -  [468].           .

22. .        .     ,   ,   .. (3  5-7).    .         .

# 22b.  .  .      .     .    ,         .             VI-X  ..    ,   .   ,     ,   VI  ..   ,     I       , -   XVI  .. ,       ,     XVI . , ,   :      -        , . "  -", .4:4.

23. .    " ".      ,            . ,   "" , -, "".

# 23b.  .    -   -   , -:      [544], .7, .268.      .

24. .     .    " ",   (3  8).

# 24b.  .          : , ,   , : "  , !" [544], .7, .268,  [64], .84.  ,      ""    ,  ,    -   ,     , , -       .

25. . "     ,  " (3  11:14).    - (3  11:19).         .  ,         .

# 25b.  .    I   -  .     -    .       ,   .   ""  ,   "" -   -'  .

## 25c.       XVI .  -   (- ). , =          ,      ,    -. . " ", .7-8.

13.4.    -    .

26. . " ,    ...    .         ...          ...       ...        ...       ,     " (3  10:1-2, 10:4, 10:10, 10:13).  .2.85  .2.86         .

# 26b. - .   957  ..        - [468], .188.

## 26c.  .  ,           XII-XIII ,   XIV . .   "  ".     :  = ,    ,  " ",      ,    [449], .43.

27. .     .  : "     " (3  10:9).

# 27b. - . ,       .     -,      .     30   ,   987  .. [468], .188.

28. .      .

# 28b. - .     -.  ,    ,     -.

29. .           -  [208], .47.

# 29b. - .      ,        [468], [208].         ,   ,       .  ,         ,   .      .

## 29c.  .   ,  XVI    ()   =,   (?)       =  - -, . " ".

,          [208], .47. ,   -  -   "'" (   "'")  ", ",  ", " (   ", ")  "".   ", ",     ,        , .  ,       .

30. .     -     (3  10:1-13). "      ,       ,   ,    " (2  9:12), .  (3  10:13).

# 30b. - . "                .  957 .  ,   ,     ,             " [468], .162.    ,      ,    -  .

,    :  =  ,    =   ,    . ,   ,        .    ,  ""    , - ""  .  XVII-XVIII ,         ,       "",   , .     .        ,   ,   ,   "   ". ,  ,     ""  " ".

  '  [664], .75  : "  6463 (  955  .. - ..).         .     ,  ,     ...       ,     -    (! - ..)" [664], .75-77.

 : "   ,            .      (! - ..):     ,    ...       " [664], .75-77.

      ,      "  ".  ,  -       , .  "".

    ,  , .   ,       ,       ,    .

 14.   .

     3  12-22  4  1-23.

14.1.       ,     .

     .2.1, .2.2, .2.3, .2.4, .2.5,      ,        XI-XIII  ..      =    =  .  .2.87  .2.88         XI-XIII  ..,   .2.89  .2.90 -        XI-XIII  ..

    922-724   ..         306-476  ..,   ,        928-587   ..       -  ,  306-700  ..      , .2.91.     . ,     ,    .  -         = ""  XIV-XVI , .  ""  " ".   ,    ,      .

  ,  ,        X-XIII  .., . "  ", .6.

          X-XIII  .., .  . ,     ,         ( -?) XIV-XVI  ..,    = "" .

      928-587   ..         306-700  ..   .

 ,      ,        : , , .   ,      "   " [765], .80.  . ,      .

   ,            ,   " ".  ,  -           ,  - .   "  ",  4  .6:4,      .     . " " , -    ,    , -   , ', , , ,   . [544], [1449].

    4          ,     .  ,       : ,  ,    .      (1:8-9).     ,               - 14 ,   17,    .  .. ,         - ,  ,  , ,   .

      , ,     ,    ,  ,    , - .   ,             .    -    .

       .  .2.91    "  ", .6:  3, .6.14, .6.16.       ...       :  -   ,     .

  ,      ,   1,4  10-10.          , . "  ", .5.

#         306-695  .. ,  ,  .      :   .

#     "" .       .     306-695  ..      ,    II,  1 .

#     .   ,      396 . ,             .    389 :   306  695  .. : 396   389  .

   .      ,  [544].      ,          .     ,    ,          ,    ,    .

 

14.2.            .

&.   .

1. .  , .2.92,   I         (3  14).  " " :  (),  I ( I).

# 1b.  .     I        .     308  ..     [327], .426, [767], .2, .792.

2. .     ,     (3  11:42-43).      "  " [544].       .

# 2b.  .       [327].

3. . "    , ,  ,   " (3  14:25).        -  -.  -   , ,     -     -    - XIV-XVI .  . " ", .4.

# 3b.  .     ,     313  ..,       = ,       [327], .792.

4. . "          " (3  14:30).

# 4b.  .   314  ..     I.         ,    324  ..   [327], .429.

5. .   17  (3  14:21).

# 5b.  .   16 :  308-324  .. [327].        313 ,     ,   11 ,        .

&.   .

6. . ,   , - -  , .2.92.   -  .   , ,    ,   3  4      =  ,     = ,        .       - - . "      ...        " (3  15:3).         ,     -       .   .

# 6b.  .  -   ,      - ,     .    - [327], .434.      I    .      ,      , ,    I,            [327].   - - ,  ,       "".

7. .    3  (3  15:2).

# 7b.  .  ""  8 :  325-333  ..,  5 :  328-333  ..,  3 :  330-333  ..   - 3 .   ""      330 ,         (  )    = .        3  "".

## 7c.  . ,    330  ..     1383  ..     1053 .      , ,     I =    -  (= "" )  -. .  " ".     ,  1383 ,     ,      ( )  -.

8. .   ,     " ".   , ,     (3  15:8).  , , ?

# 8b.  .    ,   333  ..    ,    .  ,       XII .      .

&.    .

9. .       [544], . .2.92.     ,    - .

# 9b.  .       .          .

10. .     20-    I (3  15:9).

# 10b.  .    I     I,  20-  , -    313  ..      ,    , -    (!)   333  ..,     ""  .

11. .    ,       :  364-375  ..    ,     31-   (3  16:23).

# 11b.  .  :  364-375  ..    31-   =  = ,   333+31=364. ,  ,   " ",      .

12. .    41      (3  15:10).       : 46  (3  15-16). .  4   "  ",   [544], .7, .311.

# 12b.  .      378  ..,   45   .  46  45 ( 41)  .

13. .      : "     ...        ...     " (3  15:11-12, 15:14). "         ,     ;       ...       ,   ,  ,  :     " (3  15:13, 15:15).

# 13b.  .   ,    XII ,     .       .   , '    ,        .    .   :       ..

14. .        (3  15:16  ).      II, . " -  ".

# 14b.  .  II,    340-361  .., ,    ,   ,   -  .

15. .      - .      .  ""     .

# 15b.  . ,   ,    ""  ,     "" ,    .      , . .

16. .       (3 ).

# 16b.  .   ,  ,  .        ( 27:11), ( 19:21).

&.    I.

17. .      , . .2.93.  25  (3  22:42).

# 17b.  .    I .  16 :  379-395  ..

18. .  .    -   " ". : "   (  - ..),       ,    " (3  22:46).

# 18b.  .  I   . ,    "          ,         " [579], .475.

19. .        (2  20:1),    (2  20:1-30).   ,  ,   ,    .

# 19b.  .   I     .    ,  I          [579].

20. .          (2  20:36).  -   .    ,    -     , .  "".

# 20b.  . ,   I       .

 I       , . " -  ".  ,           X-XIII  ..    ,       .         ,     ,         .    ,       XIV-XVI ,    = "" .      -      -   ,   .  ,        I =    ,  ,    - -.      .

&.    .

21. .   , .2.93.     .    (4  8:16  ).

# 21b.  .  .        [767], .2.

22. .    =             (4  8:18),    (4  8:16-18).

# 22b.  .       526  ..,       .  -  ,  ,   .

23. .     :  .  : "     -   (      - ..),      " (4  8:20).   : "  ...   " (4  8:22).

# 23b.  .     : "395  (      - ..) -       " [767], .2, .799.   -          .             [767], .2, .793.

24a. .    - .      ,      .

# 24b.  .          -   [876], .247. "     ...     ,  ,   ,     ,    .     ,      ,   ...      ..." [876], .247-248.

25. .   , , :   ,       (4 , 2 ).      .

# 25b.  .       : "          ,   -   ,   " [327], .445.

26. .    8  (4  8:17).

# 26b.  .    13 :  395-408  ..

&. : , , , .

      ,      -   .          , .2.93  .2.94.     :     -  ,    .   .

27. .       ,       -   (4  11).

# 27b.  .  ,  ,      VI -  VII  ..,       ,  , - [323], .355-363.

28. . -,     -  (.  ) -     (4  11:20-21).   40  (4  12:1).      : "     " (4  12:2).    ,  ,       .

# 28b.  .  -   .   31 :  610-641  .. "        ,   ,             " [323], .369.   .

&.    II + .

29. .     ,     =  (4  15:1). . .2.95.        .  =     : "   ,  " (4  15:2).    , . .4 , 2  26:3  [544], .7.

# 29b.  .   II + .     = ,     ""  II .       [579], .480.

30. .    52  (4  15:2)  (2  26:3).

# 30b.  . :  408-450 ,  :  450-457 .       49  [767], .2, .793.        .

31. .   =    . ,   : "        ...   ...        ,              " (2  26:9, 26:15).

# 31b.    II    .     ,   "    ,       " [247], .24.         .            .

32. . "  ( - ..)   " (2  26:10).

# 32b.  .  II          [247].

33. .          -   , ,    ,       : "        ,           " (2  26:21).   ,    "  ".

# 33b.  .      II    :    449  ..  ,   "" [323]. "        ,            " [323], .195.  II     ,     -    .              [323], .195.

      ,  450-457  ..   ""      .    499-450  ..,     II,    . "               " [323], .200-201.       ,     . ,      : "  ( - ..)  ( - ..)" (2  26:20). "  ( - ..)  " (2  26:18). ,     .

 ,         , ,           ( = "" ) XIV-XVI  ..,            X-XIII .     -.

34. .     52 , ..      .     .       16 .     "",  "  ",      (2  26:21-23).

# 34b. - .   IV:  1053-1106  ..,  53 .  -    " ",        XII .   ""  .  -  "  ".       6 .        .  -          .     [196], .5, .233-235.    ,   .

&.    ( ).

35. .  - .     -    2 ,  " ".  ,  2         , . "  ",  4. -  ,       .

# 35b.  .    .   451  ..    ,      [64], .37.   452     ,  ,   453   .   -  ,     453      .

## 35c.  .          "" [64], .37-38.   "" ,   -     = ""      XIV  ..

&.    I.

36. .  , .2.95.     .     .  :      ,         (2  27:5).

# 36b.  .    I.     : " 469        .  ...    " [323], .202.

37. .   16  (2  27:1).

# 37b.  .  I  17 :  457-474  .. [579], .794.

&.   .

38. .  , .2.95.    .     :  -  ,   -  .    ,    ,     .      .      - [544].   ,       (4  16:2-5, 16:7, 16:9).

# 38b.  .  .           , . " -  ", .3.         .       :  474-491  [579], .492.        .

## 38c.  .     " ",   -  ""   XIV ,    XV-XVII .  , -,     ---. , ,  -  ,       . ,   -    THE   DER.       .   ,     :   .     .

39. . ""   : 1) -,  , -, "  ".       .  ""  " ". 2)  ()  = . 3)   = . 4)  - ,  . 5) "-" = "  "  .

# 39b.  .    : 1) -    -. 2)  -   . 3)  - . 4)  - ,  . 5)   - "-"   [579].   , ,   = +  +, ,     , .  " ".  ,         (REX)  , ,  . ,   (REX) -  ,   -    .

  -    - .

40. .     =     .

# 40b.  .       -,  ,   -  .    .    -  484  .. -              =  . :  ,   .2.96,  .

41. .       .

# 41b.  .           (= ).      .

## 41c.  .  ,    XVI-XVII      , .   " ".

42. .  -  "-" -  (---)        .

       .          . ,  -  -,   - .      -   ,     ,   -.   , -,   , -      - [544], .366-367  .

# 42b.  . -    =   (?) = - (?) "           (? - ..)" [323], .204.

43. .      .  ,   .

# 43b.  .        486  ..   .

44. . "-"      (4  16:9).

# 44b.  .            472  .. [323]; [579], .493.

45. .  = "-" (---)      (?) (4  16:9). ,   ,   -.

# 45b.  .    =   (?)     "-",        .       [579], .493-494.

46. .    ,     : "   ( - ..) ,  ,     ,  ,   " (2  28:20).

# 46b.  .      ,    :   486  ..       , , -  [323], .204.  .

47. .       ,      = ,     . "     ...       ,   " (4  16:2-3).         - .       ,   ,     . "    ,     ...   ,    ,       .   ...      ...    " (4  16:12-14).  : "      (? - ..)...  :    (? - ..)  ;    ,    " (2  28:23). ,    - , , ,    ,   -, .  "  -".

# 47b.  .      ,      .         " " ( = ) [83], .4, .331.   482  .. ,   ,     = ,        .   ,     .     .        .   [323], .207-208.

## 47c. -.  XV-XVI .   , -,            XV-XVI .  ,              - .     , ,       .    " "  "  " - , -,  ,   . ,  -    ""  "",  , -,   . ,   -       .  -  , ,  , .  " ".

48. .         (2  28:20-23). ,      . "    ;    ,    " (2  28:23).

# 48b.  .       . "   ,     ,          .  482 .   " [323], .207-208.

## 48c.  .   ""         -, . -,    = ""     ,     .

49. .   16  (4  16:2).  ""    .      . ,  -  -,   -  .      -   ,   ,   -.   , -,   , -      - [544], .7, .366-367  .

# 49b.  .   17 :  474-491  .. [323], .203.   16  17   .

&.   .

50. .    , .2.95.      . "    ,     " (4  18:7). .     .

# 50b.  .   .  ""   ,           ,    [579].

## 50c.  .     "",  , ,    , , .        :  = ,  =   ,  =   .  ,     ,     -  .   -  -.

51. .           ,  -     .  -  ,   ""  (4  18).

# 51b.  .           -  ,  -    .         [579].

52. .         : ,    (?)  .      (4  18:17).

# 52b.  .  "      " [579], .495.      -     [323], .215-216. "    :    " [323], .215-216.  -    -.

## 52c.  .       ,    --, . " ", .3.       , , ,   -  -   -.        ,    . . 4  18:17-20.

53. .    =   .     =    ,  =     ,     (4  18). ,    ,    ,   (4  18:23  ).

# 53b.  .     : "  ...     .   ...    " [323], .215-216.    , "      .      " [323], .215-216.   .

54. .   :         (4  18).

# 54b.  .   :     [323].

55. .   : "           " (4  19:35).           .

# 55b.  .   ,     [323], .216.     .2.97.   .

56. .     :       ,       : "     ...  ,  ,      ,   ,              ... ,  ,            ...      ,     " (4  18:3-5, 18:7). ",    ,   " (4  18:7).

# 56b.  .   "    ,    ,     ...       ,      " [579], .214-215.    "  ",     [323], .214-215. ,    .  ,     ,      =  . , -      ,      -.

## 56. -. .  " ".  XV-XVI . , -,            = -   XV-XVI .     -   (, ).      =  = .   (  ?)     , -, ,       =  II   .

57. .   29  (4  18:2).

# 57b.  .   27 :  491-518  .., ..  29  27  .

&.   " ".

58. . , , .2.95.      .  50  (4  21:1).  -   . ,  .2      55  (2  33:1).

# 58b.  .  :  I +  I,   -   I, .2.98  .2.99.      518  565 ,   47 .  ,  I    518-527  ..,   I   527-565  518-565  ..   ,   I    70          I     ,      .

## 58c. -. .  " ".  XVI . -,     -   (), 1520-1566  [85], .41, .261.  46 .

59. .  -      .    .    ,   ""     ,            .

# 59b.  .  -       . " 518 . ...      ...         :      " [247], .29-30.      : , ,   ,  justus [654], .350.        . <<    ...     ,    ... ... "  ">> [246],.5.

## 59c. -. .  " ".  XVI .    - ,    [85], .41, .261.         [85], .41, .262.  ""    - Magnificent      ("").

"  ( - ..)      " [85], .41, .261.   ,   ()       . , ,  .         [1206],     1995 ,    ,   26-27       ,    II (1444-1481)    IV (1807-1808).  -  .       ""     (?!).

60. .      ,       (4  21).       -      -  .  : "      ...    ,     ...      ( ? - ..)...    (  - ..) ...       " (4  21:2-3, 21:9, 21:11).

# 60b.  .    ,  I  .  : "      ...     ,    .       ...       " [323], .279.    "         " [323], .280.

## 60c. -. .  " ".  XVI .   ,             .   .           . ,       .        -  (,   ).        ,       .      ,           XVII . ,  , -         .       , , -,   ,       -. .  " ".

     - , , ,          - .       ,            ()  ,      .    "".        .

61. .     ,   ,     (4  21:3-5, 21:7).

# 61b.  .  I     ,  , -    [323].

## 61c. -. .  "  -".  XVI .  ,           .

62. .     -     : "        ,         ,   " (4  21:16).       -   .

# 62b.  .   I   -   ,    - ,   , . .            [323], .282-297.         .

63. .      ,    " ",        .       (    ),     .    -     ,      (2  33:10-13).     (2  33:12-16).

# 63b.  .    I   . ,        ""  II,      .

## 63c. -.  XVI . .  "  -".        . ,     ,   = ""      -, ,    - .         .       -, ,    -  .   -  ,         - . ,  -    ,       (  )        -  -.

64. .  .     .  2  (4  21:19).     [544], .7, .381.

# 64b.  .   . ,      II.   13 ,   565-578  ..      ,     .

65. .   =   , , -    , .    ,      : "      ,   " (4  21:20).

# 65b.  .          I,   II.  II     I.  ,      -  ,     .

66a. .        " ,    ,        " (2  33:14).

## 66c. -. .  "  -".  XVI .      " " ()    - , -,       .   -       .   "       " - , -,     -     (-,     ) .       (=  " ").     [621]     ,   .          ( 3:15).       ? .    -  -,     (   )        .

        , "" , ,   ""   " ", . .         .        : , ,  (      ),     :  II,  IV   II.    II      ,     .

&.    II ( III).

67. .  , .2.100.     .  31  (4  22:1).

# 67b.  .  II,    III.  26 :  642-668  ..

68. .   ,      ,        .        -  , . .2.101.  ""        (  -   ).

# 68b.  .    II,      ,       VII  ..   II -  .      . "     -     ...    ( 610-641  ..   - ..)...      " [247], .46-47.   641  .. "   ,       ,  - " [323], .367.

69. .  (    - -  -)         (4  23:29). "      ,         ,    .   :      ,    ,     " (4  23:26-27).

# 69b.  .   641  ..     [323], .367.  II  ,       .     ,   II     [323], .368.    VII  ..        :   .  ,    679  ..     [64], .85.

70. .   -  :    - .

# 70b.  .  :   .  -  , , .  , ,   .    " "        " ", .6.

&.    II.

71. .      .     (4  23:31). . .2.100.

# 71b.  .  II.     :  641-642  .. [247], .148.

72. .      :    ,  .      (4  23:31-34).

# 72b.  .   II    .    ,  .   .

           ,        = .

 15.             .

     4  (. 24-25)  .

&.    IV .

1. .  , .2.100.      .  11  (4  23:36).  ,      ,     [544], .7.

# 1b.  .  IV .  17 :  668-685  .. [247], .149.   ,    679 .   -  . ,      . ""    "",       .    ,  ""  .

2. .              .  -     (4  24).  : "      ,   ,   ,   " (4  24:2).

# 2b.  .   IV        = ,     (?). "         : , ,  -       .  670 .    ,     :  672 .  " [323], .372.

     :        " " [323], .373.   681  ..        =       [323].  ,   ,  ,    . .  " ".

3. .   ,   ,              (4  24:10-16).

# 3b.  .   VII    :  -   . : "  VII .   ,        " [323], .373.       , ,    1453  .. -         .

&.   .

4. .  , .2.100.     .     (4  24:8).     . ""    "" . ..

# 4b.  .  .     :  641-642  ..        .    [323].

&.    II.

5. .  , .2.100.     .  11  (4  24:18).

# 5b.  .   II.  10 :  685-695  ..  -   .

6. .      :      ,   (4  24-25).

# 6b.  .     VII -  VIII  ..   II -     ,   :  685-695    705-711 .  ,  II      :       . -,   -   I,   II       ,   XIII ,  ,  XV-XVI  ..

7. .        (4  24:17). ,         . ,     .   .

# 7b.  .  I   II        .  ,      , .. ,   :

  =  =   II,  1- ;

  =   II,  2- .

8. .  -     ().             .  , ,        . .  " ".

# 8b.  .  -   I       .  -    VI  ..   ""   XIII  ..     VII  ..   II.

9. . -       ,       (4  24).

# 9b.  .    I     ,  " "      VI  ..

10. .   -     .

# 10b.  .      .

11. .  =       .     ,    .  -   .  .   "  ,   ,    , -    ...   ,    ...   ,   ,     ...       " (4  24:14, 24:16).      -  .     - : "      ...   ,   ...       (   - ..)" (4  25:10-11). . .2.100. ,  -     .  ,     .

# 11b.  .  =  =       .  - " ",    , . .

12. .     , "      ,     " (4  25:7). ,     , . " ".

# 12b.  .  II     , -  ,    ,    , -    ,  "       " [468], .117. ,  , ,   ,   -  .        ,   - .  ,   .

13. . -  ,       II,   ,   ,     -  .

# 13b.  .  II     "          " [468], .118.      -  .

14. .        ,      -  (4  25:10-11).

# 14b.  .      I   -   . ,        ,  ,    (?)   .

15. .      -  ,   -   .         (4  25).

# 15b.  .        VI  ..    .                ,    .

16. .    =   -     . " ,  ,         " (4  25:1).

# 16b.  .   -  XIII  ..    -    =  =   =  .  -  .   :  = ,  = , . " -  ", .5.

17. .       : "  ,     ( - ..) " (4  25:1).

# 17b.  .     XIII  ..  --       :   =   .. . " -  ". ,     XIII ,     I   ..,       .       -.          ,      . . .    , ,   .

18. .     .     9-    (4  25:1),     11-    (4  25:2).

# 18b.  .     XIII  ..   =   =     ,   ,       , . .

19. .    (4  25:4).

# 19b.  .     VI  ..  ()   , . .

20. .         .       ,    (4  25:1, 25:8).

# 20b.  .     VI  ..,     I,  ()      .       15 , . " -  ".

21. .    -      10 :  9-  19-    (4  25:1, 25:8).

# 21b.  .    XIII   ..  9  10 .    VI   ..,  ,  12    .    VI  ..   18 :  535-553  .. . .

22. .   ,             ,   (4  25:6-7).  .2.102       " ",  1480 .     ,     ,   -  ,      [1485], .283. ""          . ""       .      ,   "     "   [1485], .283.

 .2.103        ,  ",   ".    ,  ""  , ,    ,   .     .

 .2.104   .   : "     ,      " [1234],  41.   -    -     ,  -   .

# 22b.  .    =  =  --     = .  ,       , . .

23. .          ,       -  ,      (4  25:8  ).   , .2.105.

# 23b.  .      ,    VI  ..     .     - .   ,   ,   . -  .   ,   , . " -  ", .5.       .  ,     -  .       -    .  , -     ,    . ,       - " ".

24. .    -     : "    (   - ..)...  ...   (! - ..),      " (4  25:18-19).  -      .

# 24b.  . ,      VI  ..       -  -,      .  , , ,  -      . , ,  "  ".      . ,   -    .

25. .     -,         .      ,   -      : "   ...   ,     ,  ,   ,    ,  ,      ;  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    , ;  ,  ,       ,   :   ,  ,  ,      " (4  25:9, 25:13-16). .        .2.106.

# 25b.  .    XIII  ..,    ,    " ",           .          .             VII  ..,   ,      VII  ..          -   .     .   663  ..,     20-30    II,       II =  III.  : "  ,                ...      ;  ...        ...   " [196], .3, .5,
.292-297.

            ,        ,  .  ,    .     ,          XIII  ..,      .  ,         .     -  -.   ,  ,  ,       ,    , , "  " (4  24:14).  ,   - " ",      -.

26. .   .    .    .  -   .      .

# 26b.  .      VII  ..   ,  ,  ,      , " ",   [323].

27. .  -    .

# 27b.  .  II -     .

,    VII  ..       ,   II,       .  ,       ,          VII   .            : <<" "   (VII-IX .)>> [468], .131. : "    VII , ...       ,       ,     ...          ...     VII ." [468], .131-132.    VII -  VIII  .. "        .    22      6 " [468], .118.

       (  )      306  695  .. (   ).

   ,              VII  .. -    .     ,          XIV-XVI .     " ",    ,    , -     XIII  ..   XV-XVI  ..    ,      ,        XIII -  XIV ,    XV-XVI .     .    XV-XVI      " ".       ,    XIV .

16.    ,            .

    " ",     XIV  ..      -    . ,          XV-XVI .

          1300  ..   XV  ..    ,          -    , ,   XIII -  XIV  ..     ,  ,          ,            .  -  "  ",      " " (!) [196].

,  -,  -    XIII-XIV  ..,             . ,           ,         ,       , . "  ", .6,  .1.1 .        ,     .  ,    ,     .        ,     .       1800 .

1. .   " ",     :       .

# 1b. - .  " ",     " ". . .       X-XIII  ..   XIII .     .

 1305  .. <<,      -    V     "  " (! - ..)>> [492], .1, .112.      ,    "       ( - ..)" [492], .1, .112.         ,   ,          70 .      17  1376  ..,     70   ,     [76],  .XIV, No. 26. . .2.107.  ,     1305   1376 .

## 1c. -.  ,         . -,  .   ,         .   ,  ,   .       .         -, .  " ".

 :     = -   XIII  ..    =  =  .         --,     .         ,  1380    .

 :     = -  1453       II  -.           --,      .             .

   ,     .  -     (     -   ),       . ., , 2  36. ,      -   = -.  -   XIII .  -   XV .

         , , ,    = -  XIII . , ,   ,     XIII    .       70 ,   XIV ,    = "" , .  "".   ,  1380         "  ",        (  -  -   )  .      -   .

2. .   =   ,  , 70  (2  36:20-21).      .

# 2b. - . " "   70 , . .      -     . ,   ,        . -,       .

3. .     .

# 3b. - .     ,     -   , -  .

4. .           (2  36:2-4).

# 4b. - .   -   =  =   XIII  .,        .

  V    IV.    : " IV       :          ,         " [196], .5, .316.  : "       ,    ,   ,   : 37      ,  ,   ,  ,    ;  ,      ( - ..),       ,        ,      !" [196], .5, .316.

      .   -        ,        X-XIV  ..   .       :

"   ( - ..)     ,        ,    , ...     .     (,   - ..)      " (2  36:20-21).

5. . "   ". .. , . , ,  -  ,    =      XIII ,  ( )    . ,  ,   -       =  ,   ,      XIII   -      =  = ""  XIV-XVI .

# 5b. - .      = .      -       = --,  ,   -, - -  .

   [492],  "  ",   : "    " [492], .1, .110.     , ,    ,         XIII-XIV  ..

,     " " - ""    ,     . , ,     ,   1311 . ,      -  .    : "  ,      ,    .      ,    (! - ..), ,    (! - ..),  ,       ,        " [241], .120. ,    ..      " " .

    :       XIV-   XVI-     ,      ,    .      " "       1800 .      XIV           "  ",  "".  .2.107a     . ,     .   ,   , , ,     .   .    "    ".

6. .  ,  ,  .

# 6b. - .  ,       ,     .    . ,   XIII ,      .  ,      ,     ,        .   ,   -  .  ( )    ,        .   ""       ,        .

    -  "- "   ,    -           .  ..

<< ...          ,        ...     ,  "     ".      ,    "   ">> [492], .1, .120.

 . << ,      ( = - - ..),   ,    ,         ,        " "   >> [492], .1., .121.

  ,  ( )      (  ),     . 2 ,  -     "  ",    ( )           .    ,      ,    XIV ,     ,  " ", ,    .

        . <<           .                 ,     "  " ...   ,           ;     ,     ,     >> [492], .1, .134-135.

 . "          .            ,         " [492], .1, .140. ..: "   ,     ( - ..)  ,           " [492], .1, .115. : "            ..." [492], .1, .126.            .              .

 ,    , ,       .   ""    : -,  , .  ,   ,   -,     - .  .   ""  " ".

17.    ()    VII  ..

17.1.  .

      ,    ,   -    , -     .  :          VII , , 622 ? ,         .

,   ,     ,    ,  ,     -.   ""        -   -   -   .  , ,    ,           .

    -    -    VII         .      ,    ,               VII .          -                " , ".          .

 ,             .            =  =   XIII      " ",   -     XVI ,    I .          XIII ,   VII ,    ,        ,            .

1. .     .     ,   .   ,  ,   .    .

# 1b. - .    -   .      , ,  ,        .        ,   [544], .6,     .  ,     " ".   -  ,   .         .            . ,   -  .

2. . --.

# 2b. - .  .

3. .          .    -    .

# 3b. - .    622 ,    - .      .        , ,   ,     .  ,  , -,  XIV-XV  ..        .

,   ,       , - ,     .  ,     XIV .      , ,       XV-XVI .

,    998-1030  ..    () .               ? ,       333 ,   ()   XI   " "  665-697  -      " ".

     .    " ".

17.2.   .

,       -         .      , -        ,  , -   ,     .  ,      , -            , - ,         ,   ,     XIV  [544], .6.

 ""  , -,      ,    I (1374-1413)              . ,         (998-1030), ""    300    I  -         ,   ,      .  ,   -    XIV-XV .

           ,   " " -        -       XVI-XVII .      "",      1180 .        "" : , ,    [544], .6.

 -        "",  ,        : , ,   ..    , ,   ,     . , , -,   =  (?) -   . ,   ,   ,   ,    , , ,        . .   " -  ", .1:6,   " ".

   ?        -     - :             ,     [544], .6.       .               ,    . ,   . ,   ,       ,  ,  ,        XVI-XVII ,     .        ,      .  ,         ,        .   ,    ,  ,        ,  -, .

           . ,    ,        .  ,    ,      .          .   ,     " ".  : ,   ,   ,   -,      ,   , -   ,     - "  " .

      ,     VIII-IX ,    .  ,      .      ,     [544], .6.

17.3.     .

   ,        :         .  ,   ""     ,      . " "     ,   .        ,      .        .

   .  ,    ,     [1449],       - .       ,      -     -   ,       ,     .  .2.108        XIX ,  .  .2.109     ,      [398].  .2.110 -     ,      .  .2.111  .2.112      , , -,   XIX .

  ,   :               [544], .6.        -,  ,    ,    - .

   -      ,      -   ,      ,     ,  "" -  " ".       .2.113. ",   ",       .  : "       ,     ,          (   ).   - ,   ,       ,    2  3 .         ,     . ,    ,    .    ,        ." .  [544], .6, .521.

       ,    ,    ?       . ,   .        -,  -    .  ,     ,      .  ,      "  ",      ,    ,    ,    .    . ,   ,     . , ,        ,      .          .

,   ,  ,   " ",    .   ,   ,   ,      .         ,  ,    , .2.114.   " "       .         .      -   , .2.113. , , .

,           -   ,   ,     ,     .  ,   ""         "" , .  " ".         .   " ".

   ?    ,      10 !  ,         [544], .6.

  ,             .       --,   VIII ,     . ,   X           " ",      . ,      " "    [544], .6.  ,      =      ,     ,      ,       (1  5-7).        - - . .   " ", .4.      , " " ,  ,   .

    X-XI  ..          ,     ,  . ,  XVIII    ,            -      . ,   1803    ,                .       ,   - ""    ? [544], .6.

 ,     -    ,   ,       .  XX               .          XIX .  ,        XIX .

18.    1-4   1-2 .

     ,    , -  . ,  ,      XVI , . " ", .2.  ,    1-4    1-2 .  ,            .  ,  1-2        ,        1-4 .  :             ,             ?

     , .1.1.  ,     ,       .      ,   .   ,        330  .  ,        ,     .     -     X-XIII  ..   -     (- ?) XIV-XVI ,    = "" .   ,            .

-,      ,       .    . ,         ,     "  ".  ,   ,    ""    ,       ,   .    1-4   1-2 .

 ,  ,      ,       ,      .

     . ,     = +,   ,  .  , ,    ,           1-4 .

 ,   ,       .  .2.115 -      " "  ,  1493  [1396:1].  ,   ,   ,  ,      ,  ,   -   .  ,      -  =  . ,    -     -      . ,     ,   - ,   " "       [1396:1] ( XLV, ),     ( LXVIII),     (Tolosa) ( LXXI, ),     ( CXLII).

,     ,  ,          = .   ,    ,    ,  -    . ,   (   "")         ""    - -. ,            .      ,   " "      ,     - ,  .        .  ,  " "     - .                " ".

      ,     ,     . . .2.116, .2.117, .2.118, .2.119, .2.120, .2.121, .2.122, .2.123, .2.124, .2.125, .2.126, .2.127, .2.128, .2.129.

,   .2.119  .2.121      "".  ,    ,    ,  = .    , ,   ""  ,   .2.130. ,  ,     "" . ., , ,      , .2.131, .2.132. 


 3.
        300-400    .

1.        .

      ..  ...

(..,  - , ,        ,      ,      ).

1.1.    .    .

  ,  ..  ..  [723], [1140].   ..,    "  ", .5,     X  Y ,      ,               (A,B)       .

,     ,          (A,B)  (C,D),         .       ,       (    )       .  ,  ,  ,   ,     ,   B-A = D-C.

  X      (A,B)   t     A   B.   ,  X(t)    ,  ,    t.  ,    X(t) - .       - , ,  ,   .         . ,     .       ,       .  ,        . ,    vol X(t),     .

            ..  [884].  ,    ,     , :         ,    . ,  ,          "" (   , . "  ", .5),     ""   , .3.1.

  [357]       ,      ,      .., ..  ..    ,      .     ,            ,     [357]   ...   [357]               .    ""      .       ,          .

  ,  ..,    ,   ,        , ,  ,     ,   ,      .  ,    ,    ,     ,    - .

        (,).  (t) -   ,    t    , .3.2.   X  Y - ,      (,),     .  M ( N) - ,    X ( Y)    (,).

,  M (t) -    ,     (,)    M,      X.  ,    ,    M.  CM (t) -         (,).   CN (t).

       .   ,   (,), " "     ,   M (t)  .            (,),       , .3.3.

1.2.    .     .

        .3.4.    ,   ""  vol X(t) - ,        .   ,  , , ""  vol X(t)      ,         (,).

,               .            .  .3.5     ,     - ,   - .      ,    :     -   ,     - . , , ,      " ", .3.6.

1.3.      .

                 ,   vol X(A)   ,      .     ,        , .3.7.         ,     .   ,          ,      ,  .    ,         ,  - -     .          ,         .

1.4.        .

 -   (,)   ,    M,  M    , .3.8.    (A,B),       M (t)  ,      .     .  X -          . ,     (  )    .

        .

    .  -    "  ",          ,      ,       ,     .      ,         ( -  ).  ,         - "   ".            . ,         M (t)      .

    .           ,   ,  .      ,       .   ,     ,          .          -    ( )   " "  (  ).

1.5.         .

      .

   X  Y              (,).      ""           (,). ,        Y     .      -      .

)   X  Y ,         ,    ,     vol X(t)  vol Y(t)       .    ,       (  )   .

)   X  Y ,            ,     (  )  .

 ,             ,    .

1.6.     .

   (,),     x,   0  -,  - -      . ,  x=t-A.  f(x)=vol X(x) -    .  G(x)  

G(x)=f(0)+f(1)+...+f(x),

  ""  f  0  x.       X.     F(x) = G(x)/vol X,

 vol X -    X.      ,     0  1.       - .

   g(x)=1-F(x). . .3.9.    .   ,   .

 g(x)=1-F(x)     ,      exp(-(?) x? ).

        -.

,      -  ?   ? ,  ,     1-F(x).       ,     .

       ,  ,   1-F(x)     exp(? x? )     ?  ? .

       ,   - ,    ,  : ?  ? ,      .  ? -   ,  ? -   .

,      ? .  ,    ,              .   ?       -    .  ? , ,   ;   -     .

,  ,      .

)   X  Y ,      ( ?X , ?X )  ( ?Y , ?Y )   ,  ,       .

)    X  Y ,      ( ?X , ?X )  ( ?Y , ?Y )   "   ".

    (?,?)        ?  ? . . .3.10.

1.7.     ""    .

     -     ,     .  ,   ,           .   , -     , -   ?  ,     ,   ?  ,   [723], [1140]. .   1.13 - 1.15.  ,       ? ,         ?.

     (,)   ,      . , ,       ,    . ,   ?  " " ,        (,)     ,     .

1.8.       .

1)  ' . . [664].

          IX  XII  ..      850-1110  ..,    .          .      850     940  ..   ,  1050-1110  ..   .

2)  ,   -  [672].        650    850  1450  ..

3)  ,   -  [672].  ,    ,    850-1450  ..  ,   ,       ,       ' .

4)   [672].    1338-1378  ..          .

5)   [671].     850-1560  ..     ,    .

6)  .     . . [671].   1390-1750  ..    ,    .

      ,   .     .., . "  ",  2.         . ,    :

)   ,

)  '    ,  ,   ,

)      .

 , ,  :

  ,  XIV  ..,    ,  XV  ..

         [884], [868] ,     .

1.9.   .

     ,     .         .     alpha_X
 lambda_X ,     r,  -
    exp(-(lambda) x^(alpha) )
   1-F(x).

                           3.1
------|---------------------|------------|-------|---------|-----|
- |             |       | alpha |  lambda |   r |
- |                     |            |       |         |     |
   |                     | (...)  |       |         |     |
------|---------------------|------------|-------|---------|-----|
 1     '   854-950     1,847   3,910   0,953
 2     '   918-1018    3,003   1,610   0,955
 3     '   960-1060    2,497   410     0,956
 4     '   998-1098    2,378   1,310   0,954
 1               854-960     1,511   9,310   0,966
 2               960-1060    2,406   510     0,917
 3               1110-1210   3,685   710     0,660
 4               1236-1340   0,341   0,488    0,768
 5               1330-1432   1,390   3,910   0,953
 1                854-950     1,604   8,210   0,969
 2                960-1060    2,584   310     0,943
 3                1110-1210   3,617   7,810   0,656
 4                1236-1340   0,405   0,384    0,808
 5                1330-1432   2,354   1,610   0,983
 6                1432-1450   2,089   1,310   0,977
                 1336-1374   2,185   810     0,960
 1           1396-1498   0,648   0,119    0,844
 2           1500-1600   4,060   2,210   0,875
                  852-946     1,311   7,310   0,960

-----------------------------------------------------------------

        (alpha,lambda)   
, .3.11.      
alpha  0  6.      alpha ,
 5,   .     
 lambda ,      , 
.  ,    
  lambda  0  0,0001,      
0,00001.     
lambda  0,0001  0,001,     0,0001.  
.   .3.11    (alpha,lambda),
   ,   
    .

     1.10.     .
                  .

      ,      
1-F(x)    exp(-(lambda) x^(alpha) ) 
    alpha   lambda . .  
 3.1,   ,    
r    1.  ,   
    .  ,
,       
  -.     
     .

    1.11.     .

      ,  ,   
,   ,     
(alpha,lambda). ,     
  : 854-950 , 960-1060 , 1110-1310 ,
1236-1340 , 1330-1432 .

     1.  .3.11  ,   
1  1,        
  ,    
(alpha,lambda).

     2.  2  2   .

     3.  3  3  .

     4.  4  4  .

     5.  5  5, , ""  ,
      .  
,        , 
      .

     6.  .3.12     
 .     
        
 .

     7.     
,         
.  ,  '    , 
  .    '  
 .3.12.     
 .      , -  '
,   , -   . 
,    950 ,   .

    8.  '     :  854-950
, 918-1018 , 960-1060 , 998-1098 .  1,  
  854-950 ,   
(alpha,lambda)        1 
1,       
854-950 , .3.11.  ,    
  alpha ,    .  
alpha   1    1  1,  , , 
    ,  ,     
alpha  . ,    1,  
 ' ,     
 1  1,       .
 ,      
     .

     9.  3, 2  2  , .3.11.

     10. ,   4  2, 2, 
,    .  ,  
          . 
    ' .

    ,    
       . 
        .

    1.12.     .

           
,   ,    
1300  ..,     .

    11. , ,     :
1396-1498  ..  1500-1600  ..     
   .    .3.11,
 ,     1  2 
     , -  
  ,  ,  
  .

    12.    1110-1210  .. 
  1236-1340 ... ,    ,
    ,    
     ,  
   1300  ..     .3.11 ,
    3  4   
(alpha,lambda)    . ,    
.

         
(   ) ,   
        
     (alpha,lambda).

    1.13.      
                   XIII .

       ,  
    IX  XVII  ..,    
  .3.11  . ,
    ,   
,    1200  ..    
.  ,   ,    ,
  ,   .  
.3.11       
   lambda .   , 
       1200 .

   .3.11  ,     
,    , -  ,   4:
1236-1340 , 4: 1236-1340 , 1: 1396-1498 , -
  alpha      .

          : 5: 1330-1432
  6: 1432-1450 .   ,    alpha
  ,   6   
5.

        .3.11    
.   5: 1330-1432   : 1336-1374 . 
 alpha  ,  .   ,
 ,    ,   ,  
 5.

          .     2
   1200 ,    
    .      , 
      ,  ,   
 alpha    .  
-   1200  , , 
.

      4: 1236-1340   5: 1330-1432
,      lambda . ,   5
   4,    alpha 
  .

          1  2.   2:
1500-1600     1: 1396-1498 .  
 alpha   .

  , ,    4: 1236-1340 , 5:
1330-1432   6: 1432-1450 ,     
   alpha   .

        alpha   
 .   ,    
" ".

      ,       
 alpha      
   .   
.

   1.14.       
                 XIII-XVI .

           , ,
" "    . 
        , 
 ,     , ,
, 50  100 .     
    .  ,   1200
 ..    .  .  .3.13. 
,     ,    ,
   .

   1236-1340  -  : 4  4.

   1330-1450  -  : 5, 5, 6, .

   1500-1600  -   2.

   .3.13  ,      
  ,    
alpha  .   -  1:  1396-1498
,      1236-1340 .  , 
" "    alpha  
   .

    1.15.       
                 IX-XIII .

      ,    ,  
 ,    .  :

   854-950  -  : 1, , 1, 1.

   918-1098  -  : 2, 2, 2, 3, 4.

   1110-1210  -  : 3  3.

   .3.13  ,      
 ,      alpha 
.

    .   ,     IX-XIII
 ..,     ,   
XIII-XVI  ..,  alpha     
,     .

          alpha  
       
       .
 .

        1.16.     
                        300   400 .

     .3.13     ,
 .. ,    , 
     .

    )     918-1098  
     alpha ,    
   1330-1430 .  , 
 alpha        
.  .3.13      
,       .  ,
-     
   300-400 .  ,   
       
300-400 .

  )        
   854-950      
 1236-1340   1330-1430 .   854-950 
  .3.13   1236-1340   1330-1430
. ,      alpha  
 ,       
 300-400 ,    .  
   300-400     
.

  )      ,    alpha 
    1110-1210    1500-1600
.     alpha   .
         400 .

    .    alpha  , 
       
    300-400   
  . -,   
 . ,   
   .     
XIV-XVI  .. "   "  300-400   
 " "    IX-XIII  ..   
,   300-400-     
 ,   .

                    1.17. .

    1)   - ,
     
.     
       .

   2)     ,    ,
      . 
        
.

   3)       
 .

   4)       
.

   #   1-F(x),  F(x) -  
   ,    
 exp(-(lambda) x^(alpha) )    
alpha  lambda .

   #    X  Y   
(alpha_X,lambda_X)  (alpha_Y,lambda_Y)   (alpha,lambda)
   .

   #    X  Y   
(alpha_X,lambda_X)  (alpha_Y,lambda_Y)   (alpha,lambda),
,    .

   #  alpha ,     lambda , 
   ,   
.  ,   alpha    
 "  ",  .  
      XIV-XVII , 
       .

   5)       
     300-400  
   .

        2.     
          1584-1619 . -

          ..,
.., ...

(..,  - ,  
    .  .. ,
..

..,   ,  
 ).

      -    ,
 ..,    
 ,       
 XVI -  XVII  ..   20 ,   
   ,    ,  
 .  ..  ..   
 "".  ,      
"".       
 3.2,     20     
  1584  1619 .

      :
   1)    , 2)   , 3) 
 , 4)   (), 5)  
(), 6)   , 7)   , 8)  
, 9)  , 10)  , 11) 
 (1- ), 12)   (2- ), 13)
 1617 , 14)  , 15)  
(1- ), 16)   (2- ), 17) 
, 18)  , 19)  .

        : 20)  ,
21)    22)   .

      3.2      19
.     ,   -
 .   :  1584, 1585, 1586 
..   84, 85, 86   .

                            3.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------
      84  85  86  87   88  89  90   91   92   93 94  95  96  97  98
--------------------------------------------------------------------
 1:  432-288-----200--375-376-1112-1632-------------------------2784
 2:  140-455-----458---------------105--------------------------196
 3:  230---------800---------------157--------------------------380
 4:  120---------------------------740--------------------------48
 5:  180---------500--400-300-306--500--------------------------400
 6:  152-----52--180---------------76---------------------------68
 7:  240-200-206-240--200-208-210--2884-------------20--22--26--756
 8:  20----------------------------93---------------------------128
 9:  128---------------------------600--------------20--26--28--360
 10: 240-200-100-102--106-450------60---56---52-51--50--50--52-----
 11: 44----------42----------------108--------------------------306
 12: 54----------42----------------347--------------------------112
 13: 312---------172--43--42-------132--------------------------324
 14: 900---------120---------------4420-26---22-20--20--26--28--3000
 15: 150---------120---------------300--------------------------500
 16: 152---------86----------------300--------------10--10--12--434
 17: 264---------675---------------863--92---90-----90--92--94--1034
 18: 325-75--50--44---32--46--122--430--86---35-140-20--20--110-1160
 19: 441-99--150-152--54--54--189--1548-522--36-342-648-50--50--540
--------------------------------------------------------------------

        ,  ,    
, ,  ,       
 .  3.2 ,   
    ,   
    . ,    
   ,  ,  : 1584,
1587, 1591, 1598.

         , 
   19       (.
),    ' .  ,  
1584-1598 ...    1598  1606.  
,  .    3.3, 
        22
     1584   1606  ..

                                3.3
---------------------------------------------------------------------
   84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06
----------------------------------------------------------------------
 1: ----------------------------------------------------------------
 2: -------------------------------------------------------------
 3: -------------------------------------------------------------
 4: --------------------------------------------------------------
 5: --------------------------------------------------------------
 6: --------------------------------------------------------------
 7: -------------------------------------------------------------
 8: --------------------------------------------------------------
 9: ---------------------------------------------------------------
 10:-------------------------------------------------------------
 11:-------------------------------------------------------------
 12:------------------------------------------------------------
 13:---------------------------------------------------------------
 14:--------------------------------------------------------------
 15:-------------------------------------------------------------
 16:-------------------------------------------------------------
 17:--------------------------------------------------------------
 18:------------------------------------------------------------
 19:-----------------------------------------------------------
 20:-------------------------------------------------------------
 21:-----------------------------------------------------------
 22:---------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------

     ,       
,     . ,
       
 .

           .  
""    vol X(t)  vol Y(t)  
 X  Y,       
  X(t)  Y(t) . ,  
X(t)  Y(t)      t.

      t       A  
B.    t(X,1), t(X,2), ... , t(X,N) -  , 
  vol X(t)  ,    
. ,  t(Y,1), t(Y,2), ... , t(Y,M)
     vol Y(t).

       t(X,i)      
 t(Y,1), t(Y,2), ... , t(Y,M).   
  t(Y,k).   p(i) -   ,
  ,   -   
t(X,i)-t(Y,k).  ,  -    Y
       X.

     ,   X  Y,   
t(Y,j)        t(X,1),
t(X,2), ... , t(X,N).      t(X,s).
  q(j) -   ,   , 
 -    t(Y,j)-t(X,s).

   ,   "  X  Y"  
 :  R(X,Y) = p(1)+p(2)+...+p(N)+q(1)+q(2)+...+q(M).

     R(X,Y)  .  
   vol X(t)     
   vol Y(t),    
 ,     .   
 ,    X  Y.   ,
 R(X,Y). ,  R(X,Y) = R(Y,X).

      R(X,Y)       X  Y,
,       .
   ,      
.         X
 Y,   p(X,Y) = p(1)+p(2)+...+p(N).

         Y  X, 
, q(Y,X) = q(1)+q(2)+...+q(M).

           
 1-22,  .    
  2222   R(X,Y),  X  Y
       1-22.  
 .     , 
   : 0,1,2,3,...    .
 -      {R(X,Y)} 
.          
0.   -    {R(X,Y)}  .
         1. 
 .   ,    
.   ,   ?

         ,  
       ,
    " ".  , 
  {R(X,Y)}     , << '>>.
        
 ,        .  
,      , 
    , .3.14.  
  ""  ""   
.

          
     
    {R(X,Y)}.  ,  
     ,   
,    .

           
  1-22.  .3.15  
  {R(X,Y)}   1-22.   
   ,    
 .       1-22.

           . 
         ,,,
   1-22.    :

      :  ' ,  850-1110  ..,

      :  ,  1336-1446  ..,

      :  ,  850-1430  ..

              
 .     R(X,Y),  
   , , ,  Y   
1-22.       {R(X,Y)} 
322.     .   
.3.16.        -
   .     
 : {, , }  { 1-22}. ,   
     .

        
,  ...

                         4.
               .

                     1.  .

           ,   
   .    
 ,    .   
  ,    ,
    .     
    ., ,  [95],
[345], [379], [389], [444], [445], [463], [481], [540], [1078:0],
[1118:2], [1118:3], [1144:1], [1159:1], [1210:1], [1232:2], [1238:1],
[1284:1], [1331:1].

      ,    ,  
,     ,
,   .    
    ,     
  .

   .     " " [463]
: <<         
 .     
 " "...       
" "    XVI  
 ,     
:  ,   1449   ;
   ,    
  ,    
  ,     1532
  ..>> [463], .99, .  [544], .7, .679-680.

     .   , 
.. [544], .7, .665  .

      -    1583 
     "De Consolatione" . 
    ,     
,    :    ,   
  .

    XVIII     (Heerkens)   
  -      - .
   ,   
(Corrario)    XVI    ,   
  .

     XIX   (Wagenfeld)   
    ,  
        
.    ,   
   ,     ,   
   ,   
.

      XX      
    "" .  , 
,     ,  
.      
: " ,   ,   
 . ,     ; 
    ,    
  ,  ,   .
 ,      ,   
" [463], .58.      
  ,  .

    1729       
   ,   ,    , 
  Temple de Cnide,   ,  
,        . 
   .

          
 (Louis).   "  "   1894 , 
       Mercure de France. 
        
  VI   ..  ,   d-r Heim 
    Palaeo Limisso.    -  
- -     
,       " "   . 
  ""     (!), 
  ,   ,   
 .   .   1908    
  ,         
     ,   
 .

   "  ,     
,    ," -  .  , -
<<     XVI ,      "
" (..    ),    
  >> [463].

   .. ,  <<   ,   
  "   "  - 
       1707  1713
          
        
>> [544], .7, .701.

     XIX   ,   , 
   , -    
.., -    .  , 
"" ,     
    ,     
  ,     
   .  , 
,       - 
,     .  
 ,     
 .     
..    ,  
 .    . 
    
-     . ,   
 :   ,   
 ,      !  
 -        
.   ,   ,  
,   - .   , 
       
   ""    .
      "",  
    .   
,     -  
[463], [544], .7, .37-38. , ,  ,  
  ,   
      
 ,     .

           .
   ,        .
 , ,  - ,  
    .

     50-  XIX       
  , , .     
    .   
   ,    ""    
 ,     1840 .   
.

        ,   
  ,       
 (!).         
 ""     -   -  
     .  ,
  ,       
.    -.

     1797       
 -   -    ( 
    ),   . 
 .     ,  
 ,   :  , 
  ,      ,
  " "  ,  
""     ,   Hathway,
      !    
   .    
       . 
      .   
     .   
,   -  .     ""
      "Wortigern and
Rowena"          
   .    
  ( ) 2  1796 . 
.    , ,     
"".      ,   
  .      
 .  . ,   
  . [463].

      ,  
-       -  
 .      1765   
 ,     
   .     
(Querlon),       
" ".

      " ",  
,      .  
 -,   (Pichot)   (Ferrier).
   <<Me'moires d'une femme de qualite' sur Louis
XVIII, a cour et son re`gne>>.   -,  
 .      : <<Re've'lations d'une
dame de qualite' sur les anne'es 1830, 1831>>   .  - 
  -.    1836     
 -      '
(d'Adhemar).   1837       
  (Arnould)   ,    -   
-   .

       - (de Villamarest),
       .  
    (Bourienne), ,  
 ,    1829-1830   
  " .  , , ,
  ",     
     [463]. 
  "      
,    ",   1833    , 
    (Blangini),   1835
.

     -    
  ( ),  -  
 -      . 
1789         
"",      .
   1795 ,  ,   52  [463].  1841
    Presse     
.     "Val funeste"  
,          ,
   -     
 .       
""  - ,    
 " ".

     1829    " ",   
 -     , 
    .  1830   
""   -.    
  .  1863  
 "  . 1688-1817.  ,
  ,    .,
   ".    ,  
-    -      
  ,    ,   ,
   " ".      
     .  
   1875  [463].

   . ,  ,   , 
 .     . "  , - 
 , -    ,  ,  
    ,      ".
     1827      "" 
    .    , 
, ..  1835   -  
  ,   ,  , 
     .   
  ,  ,   
 [544], .7, .669-677.   : " ,
        ,   
  ,  -      
".

     XVIII      I.B.A.Baringer's
Philos. et Medic. D-ris, Prof. etc. Lithographia Wirceburgensis,
ducentis lapidum figuratorum, a potiori insectiformium, prodigiosis
imaginibus exornata. Editio secunda. Francofurti et Lipsiae, apud Tob.
Go"bhardt. 1767.

    200     
 .  , ,    ,
  .,        
   ,  ,    
 ,   ,  
 (!) ,  ,   ,
  .   ,  
   .   
,       
   .   
,    ,     .  40
,    ,   "  1767
, . ,      .

   , ,      
,   ,   " ".  :
" 1891       
;   ...      - 
       . 
       -  
 ,   ,    
(? - ..);      ,  
       
" [296], .96.         -
   " ".

                     2.  .

    1873        ,
      
.    ,    
VI   ..      -   (!)
   ,    
   -  .     
,      [540], .82.

     XIX      , 
     .   "
"   -   
 20  .  -   
.   . 1700  "
"    . , 
 ,     , 
    [540].

    20-  XX  "   " (-)
    ,  
 ,   2300  .   
.  ,    ,  
 .  30     
,   ,      
  ,     
 .         
       ,  
 .     , 
   [540], .84.

        . (
..  .. [95], .86),   
     " ". 
   " ",    1895  
200  ,     ,
.4.1, .4.2.       ,  
  (),    III 
 ..,  ,     
, .4.1, .4.3.    , ,
  ,       1882 
, .4.4.    ,     
.        ,
 ,  ,   (  ), 
    -     ..    
         
   [540], .84-85.   
  .  [95], .86-95.

       ""   1939 . 
  -         
  .   , , 
     1908    .
            
.        , 
, ,   .. .   
,       
"".   ,   ,  ,
, , ,  (!),  (!).   
  .      , -
    ""-  , - 
      ,  "" 
  .       .
 -    
 ,       ,  
    .

           
,   .  
  ..     X
    "   
  ".   .    
" ",      
   .    
   1892-1893    . ""
    .    , 
    ,  "" 
,       
 [540], .86-87.

      ,  <<  1896  
        
   "" -     
,    ...    
  ( - ..)   
   ,      
,   , "  " 
  .    , 
          
" "     >>
[481], .46-47. . .4.4a.

    1957       ""
.        
,        "". 
 17   .

     1958      
    ,  1380
.         , 
   -    ,
  .   ,  60
 ,  ,      
,  .     
  .

         . 
       .
   : ",    
  - ,   ,   
.         .   
,    " [481], .59.

      .     
" " [481], .59.    :
  " ",    
 XV ,     , 
  ,         ..

    1927     .   ,
      "".
         .
,     .   
   [481].

   <<      ,  , 
    ,   
       .  - 
 -  ',    VI
.   ..;   - -   (.4.5 - ..), 
 -  ,   -    
(.4.6 - ..), ""   
  .,     - 
  , , ,  , ,
  ,      .
     
XIV .     (.4.7 - ..)...>> [481],
.54-56.

        " ", .4.5,
  ""     , .4.8.
?

         ""
. "   ".    ,  
"",  ,    , 
     - " ".  
,   "  "   ,
.     -  ! -
    , .4.9.   ,
     -  , -   
      ,   .  ,
     "".

   <<   ,    
  .   ,  
,       , 
    - ""  >> [481],
.59.

   2  1937        
,  , ,   . 
  - , I   ..  
250    "   ".  ,
1938 ,     , 
         
.      . 
 - ,    .

    1830     , , ,
  " ".  '
622 ,  "     
   .     XX . 
  " [345], .14.

          .
     .  , 
    ,    .
- - .     
,      ,   
  ,   .  -  
      .   
      ,  
     ,   , 
        
  . ,   
    ,      
- .    
   ,  : 1)     
, 2)        
   .   " " 
  , ,   ,
,       .  ,
 ""      . 
  . , ,    
      ,     
 ! [544], .7, .79-83.   . 
      ,   
   .   , ,  
       
  [389],     
   [544], .7, .79-85.

     ,  ,   ,
  . ,  , 
  ,   ,   XVI 
   " " [345], .14.  ,
  "",     
,  -    -  XVI  " 
 ".  ,     ,  .
  -    "".   
,   - ,    XVI  -
  .

          
     XVIII .   
       
   . ,  
" "       . 
      .   
  .  
    -   -
 (1737-1798),      "" 
   [345].     
- (1792-1798).      
         
  . ,    ,
,   .. ,     
 .

            .  
  ,     -    
.          .
         
: ",  ,     -
  ,    , !" [379], .39.

       -, , , 
    ,    ""
.   ,    . 
 ,    -, "    
 ,         
  .       
.    ,       ,
   " [379].

    1925          
 ,      .
        , 
     . ",   , -
 , -   .    , , 
,      ,    . 
       , 
  ,       
     ,     
 . ,    ,    
:        ,  
,    -,   
,      . -  
" [379], .153.

    ,      
.  1906        
,   XIV-XV   ..,    
 .  1923    ,  
  .  ,   ,   
" "      . 
 ,    ,  
      .   
.  ,   ,  -   
.  .     ,  
       . 
   ,   . 
       ,
,        
.    ? ",       , 
 .   " [445], .100.  
,       ,  
   .   
   "" , -, , 
       , 
.    ,   "" 
 .      ,     
.

      .  .   "
" : <<,       : 
,    ""   
   ,  ,  
""       
 ,   -, 
      
      . ,
     ,   
        
,   ,   
>> [481], .6.

   "       XIX 
.       , 
  ,    ,   . 
      ...  
    3000 , 10000    
.      :  
       30000  . 
     2414   
  . ,    
...   ,      
9428  , 113254  ..." [481], .12-13,
15-16.

    1864         
 ,     ,
.4.10.          
,         ,  
     .
     XV  
   .    
    "Gazette des beaux arts"   , 
  .      
,  ,   ,  
     [481], .24.  
,     . ,
     ,     1867  
"Chronique des Arts"      :  "
  ,        
1864     ,   ,
,     350 .   
   , .4.11.  
 -  , ,    
,    XV ., ,   ,  
     " [481], .28-29.

     .   .
      : <<   
    ,   ,   - 
"">> [481], .29.    
    : <<   
 ,     "" >> [481], .29.
   ,    ,  ,
         
,      , 
   .

      ,       -
.         
      [481], .24-33.

           .
  , .4.12.    ,  
   .   
     ,   
 ,  -   
. ,   ,    
  ,     .
    , ,   
 ,   ,    
 XIII ,   -  .
  ,      ,
  ,      
      .  
  ,      , 
         
, .4.13.   1951    
700-   -  . .  
    " ", .4.14.
        
.      ,  
 - !     .    
      .

           .    
   XX . , , ,
     ,   
, ,     .  
      
       -  .
  . ,     
    .  , 
  ""    .
   .   .       
.  , ,      
.     ,     .
   XIII  -  ,   
-     ,     
.  500        .
"    -   -  
" [481], .95.

   [481]  ,    
  . , , -  
,       .  , 
      .  
    -   ,
   .  , ,
.  <<-   ,   
 ,    ( ? -
..): ",  - !"...    
     ,  
 ,      
. ,    ...>> [481],
.105-106.

   ,       .   
  , -       
 , -  ,    
,     .

           
.       
 .   ,  
  , -, ,  
  . , ,   , 
,        " ".

     ,  XVII-XIX  -  
       
  .       
 -    .

   ,  ,     
   -     
   .

    ,  XVII ,    = "" 
 -    
 " "   
.     ,   , 
 .

    1821-1822       
  "  ".  , 
   , -      ,
          
, - .  ,    
    ,     
. ,    ,  
  . ().  ,  
     -   .  , 
    -    .  .
,       -   .
  .   ,  ,  
,  ,        
.  ,      ,
        .  
      .
 (!)     , , , ,
,  -  .    , ,
 .

       ,   IV . ,   452
      ,    857  -
.  ,     
, : "  -    
,    " [444], .207.  
     .  , ,
 ,   .  ,  
    , ,  .
 7  (25    )   "
    ,   
 ".

           
-  ,      .  - 
,  ,  ,   (,   ,
).     .      XVIII
     .   
,  -  ,  -  ,  - 
,   - 9   45 .  .4.15 
      .  ,  
 .   -  ,  -  .  
  - .

   -,      
XVII-XVIII     . , , 
  " ",    .  
, ,  , , 
    .     
    " ".  .4.16
 "    , 
   " [643:2], .69.

           " ".
      "" .  ,
,      .  ,
     XVII-XVIII ,   
   = "" .  
      , 
    -,    
     .   
 .       ,  "
  ".

    3.   -   
                - .

      -  -     
  . ..  ..  
9  2002 .    -     
  XVII ,     
,        
   , .4.17, .4.18.   
    .  ,   
   XV-XVI ,     
  .  XVII       
 .   ,    ,  
        .   
   .       
 .         .
 ,       ,
  ,  ,   
 ,  XIX .   ,   
.     ,   
 "    ",     
 .

   -,  -     , 
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   ,   .   XIX-XX
  (      
),     XV-XVI  " 
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,       . ,
,   ...

      ,    
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       ,   
.    ,      -
,    "- "  
    XV-XVI  "   ".
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,    ,    
,         , 
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  - ,  -  .  
  !     , 
  ( -  ,  ,
, "   ").     
,      .  
   -     XV-XVI  -
    .       , 
      .  ,  
   ! . .4.17, .4.18. , 
 ""    ?    
       
   ?  , ,   (
   )   
   .     
.4.19, .4.20, .4.21, .4.22.

    ,    :  , 
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, ,   ..    ,  ,
  ,   .  , 
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     ,   .  ""  
   XV-XVI   .    . 
- , , ,    
 -,      .
 XVII    .    
-  "" . . " 
", .2:5-7.   ,  
.  ,  ,  .
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,      .  , , 
        
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.        
  .       ,
       .

          ,
     " ".   
     .   
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  .

       4.           
                         "".

    ,   ,  (Machiavelli)
  1469-1527 .   : <<
 , , ,  . 
  .  1498    
 ,    ...
  : "    
 " (1531, . .  1869), "" (1532, . . 1869;
""  ., .1, 1934), " " (1532, . .
1973)...     1559   .  
 >> [85:1].

     .   , 
    ,    
  , -  ,   ,
- "     " [502:2], .381.  
   ,     
,   ,   "",   .
   ,       ?
, ""  XVII       .
   "  XVI ".    
        .

        , , "".  
 : << ,    -
"">> [502:1], .7.      
  .      
 ,      .  
  ,   .  ,  
     ""   
    XIII .  :  " ,  
,     -" [502:1],
.21.  , -    
-   , -  
  , ,     ..  
     VII,    ,
: "  , ,   , 
 ,        
       
    " [502:2], .7.

   ,   ,  ""   
     XIII   
  ""    XVII .
, ,   "  ",  
   XVI -  XVII .  , 
    .

      ,  
,  -   .  . ,
       ,   
   .     .
 ,  .   .  
  -,   ,  .  
     .   
    .   , 
  ,   .  
<<     ,   , 
  , ,      
 .        
   ,   , 
      "".  
""    .  ,
        , 
,         
,       . 
        ...
        
 .         ,
 ""      >> [502:1],
.9-10.

   "      ...
   ,      ,  ,
         
 " [502:1], .25.

    ,     
 ?   ,  
 ,  ,   
 ?  ,      
.  ""     1512 , 
  XVI .    ?   XVI   =
""    .    
 XVI -  XVII .   ,   , 
      ,
     .   
       
 .    =  =  , 
         
    .  .  , 
  .   " ",  
,     .  , 
    .  ,   
  , ,    
 .         
.   ,    ,   
    .  , ,
  .    .

     ..  :  <<  
,       .  
        ,  
  .       XV-XVI
 (    XVI-XVII  - .) : 
   ,     
  .   ,    
 ,      
 ...    
,   .    
   -     
""       ... ""
     ,   
  >> [502:1], .22-23.  :
<< " "    -
, ,   ,   
.   ""   (XX-XXI  -
.)       .  
        
 XX >> [502:1], .27.

   <<   ""   
     >> [504:1], .4, .815.

        . 
     "".  
   "" , "" . 
,     ,  ""  -  -
XIV-XVI . , ,   ,
    XVII .

   ,      XV-XVI , 
,   ,    XVI ,   
XVII .        
    .  , ,
  .

            .
 ,        XVI . 
        XVII . ,
     -  XVI
    .  
.. :  <<    
      IV   
"  "    (in effige) 
  1559 .      
:      ,
   .    
   ...   
        XVII . ...
      
: , ,    ,
 ,   ,   
     1615 .   
   >> [502:2], .374-375.

   " 1613 .  ,     , 
      ...    
  ,       
   ,    
    ,    
 " [502:2], .373.

   -,     
""       
  ,    , ,
"".   ,    
-,      
"" ,     . ,
  XVII-XIX ,     
" ".    ,  XVII ,  ,
     .   
   ,      
  -   .    
  -      .   
 ,       .

   ",   ,   
  ...       
,        
 ,       :
     1610 .      
   .    , 
       ,
   -   " [502:2], .373.

   ,   XVII-XVIII   
"",   ,   .  
    " ". , 
,    "",  
  " ".  , 
() , .  .

   .. : "  
      
   .      
  " [502:2], .373.

     -      ""
 " "   ,   
 XVI .  ,     
 XVII-XVIII         . 
"  ", . .  ,   
   " "  
,       XVI . 
   .   , "
"   .

    .4.23     .,   
XVI .  ,       . 
"    " [502:2], .344.

    .4.24     , 
    [504:1], .4, .815.   
   .   ,    
    " ".   "" 
  .

          [502:2],
.344-345.       .  ,
     ,   
       ,   
.  .. ,  " 
      1495 ., 
 ,    -    ,
     (    
   40-  XIX .)" [502:2], .345. ,
,    ,     
 " ".


                           2.
           
      ,    ,  .

          ..,
.., .., ...

                           1. .

         
  ,  ...   
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    1.

         
   ,  , 
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      .    
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     .

     :  ,   , 
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       .

        ,  ..
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,     , 
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  ,  ..   " 
", .5.    .  ,  
 X   "" X(t),   "" -  
,     t.    
 .      .d2.1.  ,
     , ,   
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 ,  ,  ( 
)    .     X(t).  ,
    .    ,
,  ,   ,   . 
,    -   X(t).  
    , .d2.2.    
     ,   
         
.d2.2.

           
         
,      .    
      .

           .
  ,      
 ,    ,   ,
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                2.    .

          ,    [36],
[460], [671], [672], [716], [747].       
 ,       . 
    .    , 
    ,   
       .  
  ,    '  
   .    ,
 ..    :

      1)   ( ):   -
 1390  1717 .

      2)   ( ):   -
 1340  1751 .

      3)  ' :   -   850 
1430 .

      4)  :   -   850 
1430 .

      5)  :   -   850  1450
.

      6)  :   -   860  1555
.

      7)  :   -   850  1850
.

      8)    :   - 
 970  1237 .

      9)  :   -  1401  1548
.

      10)  :   -  1401  1547
.

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.

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  ,   ,   
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,     350   ..,  
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 2.

    2) Baronius, Annales ecclesiastici a Christo nato ad annum 1198,
. [50].       . 
     1  ..   400  ..
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    .    
    "  ", 
2.

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   .

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:

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 .

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        ).

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  2     2  ).

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).

    4) 724 - 49 (=   6; 
          
).

    5) 966 - 62 (=  1;   
      ).

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,  ,  ,    
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- 18 ( =   23;   
       ).

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.   ,     .

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.    .







 3.


 ..
(  
. .., - ).

   ,            1974-1981 .       1983    "     ", , 1983,   , -  , .86-109.          1996 ,  [1]:3.
      " "    .           ,   .        -       .       [19],     -      .         [20].
  ,   ,        . ,    -   -       ,     , , -     .          - ,        .  ,                     .     , .1:32, ,   ..   ,  ,   ...
   (  ..).

***
 

      .
           :    " "?

.., ...
(.. -   ,      ,       ,     -
  , ., .
..,       ).

1. .    .
           -      .         ?  ,    -   ?      ?       ""?     ,     .         ,       .         .
,   . [1]                . 
      ,        - , ,   . [2].
         , ,   [10].
       .  ,          ,  ,  "",  "" [3],        [4]. ,   ,     
     .      1916   .. [5],           "   ,    ",     .
      .,       ,          .      ()        ,       (   ).
      , ., , [6]-[9].
         (   ) .             " ",          .      -     ,   - .     .            .

2.    .
              ( ),  
    )            " ";
    )           .
    ,   " "   ,        ,      .
      ,    ,     .     ,    ,   , -  .   ,     ,       ,    . ,             , .         ,                 : "      ".  ,     ,         .   , ""          .
     ,       -   .    -      .       .
    1)     "", ,       .  ,     " ",   ,       .     ,                      .
    2)     " "    .  ,       ( )     .      ,     .
   3) ,           ,       .
      .    ,           ,              .  ,    .
          ,     .

3.  .   ,
   .
      -    .      (    )       -   .  ,   (  )        - , ,   ..
           ,         ( )  .       .
     (  )         ,    ,                 .  "",       , .1.
             .
 ,      ,   , , 10            , ,  2000 .    ,      .      ,   ,   .
     -  ,      "".        , ,  ,    ,    .               .      ()   .      ,  , .  ,      1,2,3,...,    ,    -     .
   ,           .  ,           ,   , ,   [1],[2],   -  .          . ,        .   ,     .
           ,             - "",     .
    ,   ,                .   -          -   .
        ,       -  .  ,    (    ),    ,        .  ,       .   ,   " ",   ,   ,    .       .          .      ,              .
            ,         .
    ,           .       .          .    .

4.  .
    .
      " "   ,      ,      .
    1)   ,        (   ).
    2)   ,       ,    .
    3)     :  , , ,         .
    4)   ,        .
    5)   ,        .
    6)    ( ).
    7)    "" ( ).
    8)    "" ( ).
    9)     ,     ,     .
     .     3 -     - ,   , .
       .   3    , "",         ,   !    ,    ,         .    , ,    .      ,            !
  7 (  "")  8 (  "")         "",    3.    7  8   ,   -             (  !).
 9 -           ,             .    ,   ,        ,  .
           ,               (   ),    .
              .  ,      ,      60    .        1 ,      ,        ,  . 
      .   ,    1000 ,    ,    2000 .     ,   - 4000, 8000, 16000 .
    ,       ,             16000 .
               . ,   ,   (    )     .
          .      ,    ,                        .
     ,         ,        .  ,                  .

5.       .
            [9].        XIX ,    9 ,  -    . .  .
    ,              ,    .    XIX     XVIII  XX .      23  (. ).         . ,           ,    .
         .

 XVIII :
1)	 .. (1743-1792) -  " "  (   1770 .), ., 1971.
2)	 .. (1744-1818)  -     ""      (  1772-1773 .), ., 1971.
 3)  .. (1745-1792) - "  " (  1777-1778 .),  "   " (  1783 .),  "" (  1786 .),    "    " (  1830 .),  "      " (  1830 .), ., 1971.
4)  .. (1749-1802) - "    "    1790 .), ., 1971.
5)  .. (1766-1826) - "  " (  1816-1826 .),  " " (  1792 .),  " " (  1794 .),  " " (  1803 .), ., 1971.
6)  .. (1769-1844) -  "" (  1792 .), " " (  1792 .), ., 1971.

 XIX :
7)  .. (1809-1852) - : "    ", " ", "   ", "   ", " ", "  ", " ", "    ", " " (   1831-1832  .),  : "", " ", " ", "", "  ,          " (  1835 .), "" (): " ", "", "",  "",  "", " ", "" (  1833-1842 .),  " " (  1840 .), ., 1959, 1971.
8)  .. (1812-1870) -  "  " (  1852-1868 .), ., 1969.
9)  .. (1812-1891) -  " " (  1847 .),  "" (  1859 .),  "" (  1869 .), ., 1959.
10)  .. (1818-1883) - " " (  1855-1856 .),  "" (  1855-1856 .),  " " (  1859 .),   "" (  1860 .),  "  " (  1862 .), ., 1961.
11)- .. (1818-1883) - "" ( , 1852 .),  " " (  1857 .),  "" (  1857 .),  " " (  1857 .),  " " (  1871-1875 .), ., 1963.
12) .. (1821-1881) -  "  " (  1866 .),  "  " (  1879-1880 .), ., 1970-1973.
13)- .. (1826-1889) - "  " (  1869-1870 .),  " " (  1875-1880 .), ., 1975.
14) .. (1831-1895) -  "   " (  1864 .),  "" (  1866 .), " " (   1873 .),  " " (  1873 .),  " " (  1876 .),  "" (  1879 .),  " " (  1880 .),  "" (  1881 .),  " " (  1883 .),  "  " (  1889 .),  " " (  1894 .), ., 1973.
15) .. (1828-1910) -  "" (  1852 .),  "" (  1854 .),  "" (  1856 .),  "" (  1852 .),  " " (  1856 .),  "" (  1863 .),  "  " (  1863-1869 .),  " " (  1873-1877 .),  "" (  1899 .), ., 1960-1964.

 XX :
16) .. (1868-1936) -  "  " (  1892 .),  "   " (  1894 .),  " " (  1894-1895 .),  "" (  1895 .),  " " (  1895 .),  "" (  1896 .),  "" (  1897 .),  " " (  1897 .),  " " (  1897 .),  "" (  1897 .),  " " (  1897 .),  " " (  1898 .),  "" (  1898 .),  "" (  1898 .), ., 1939. :  "" (  1912-1913 .),  " " (  1914-1915 .),  " " (  1923 .),  " " (  1925 .), ., 1967.
   17) .. (1870-1953) -  " " (  1900 .),  "" (  1909-1910 .),  "" (  1911 .),  " " (  1911-1912 .),  "" (  1916 .),  "  -" (  1915 .),  " " (  1913 .),  "" (  1941 .),  " " (  1944 .), ., 1973.
 18)- .. (1877-1944) -  "-" (  1911 .),  "" (  1906 .),  "" (  1913 .),  "" (  1912 .),  " " (  1919 .),  "  " (  1936-1944 .),  "" (  1905-1941 .), ., 1963.
19) .. (1892-1977) -  "  " (  1924 .),  "" (  1928 .), ., 1974.
20) .. (1899-1994) -  " " (  1953 .), ., 1974.
21) .. (1873-1945) -  "" (  1916 .),  "-" (  1931 .),  "-" (  1918-1932 .), ., 1960.
22) .. (1901-1956) -   "" (  1926 .),  " " (  1945 .).
23) .. (1905-1984) -    8 , ., 1962:   -  1,  " " -  2-5,  " " -  6,7,  -  8.

6.  .
       1974-1977        .  ,            .  ,         2000, 4000, 8000, 16000 .        "",          (  ,     ).
    .      ,    -    .        .   ,     ,   
d = (H. - H.) / H.
 H., H., H. - ,     .

7.  .
,        3        ,               .  ,     "  ",       . ,             .
    (     )    1     , .2.  ,       16000   ,       .    :               (  ). ,       . 
    ("  ")    2 -    , .3.      16000    , ,        , ,     .
       4,5,6,7,8,9. ,   9    .   8     2 -       ,        ,       , , ,    ,     .
         1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9   .

8.     
  .
     3       - ,   .            .4,  .5,  .6,  .7.
       :
 - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, -, .
 - , , , , , , , ,  ,  , ,  , , .
 - , , , , , , ,  ,  ,  , , , , , , .
 - 54  .   ,       .

  .
1)     16000            (   ,     )       ,        .      22  ( 23 ), .7.
2)        3 (       )         .    3      -  19%  27,5%, .7.  ,   3    .
     3   .
          ,     ,         , ,  ..   .. (. ).  ,        .
            .           .
,              .   ,    ,           ,  ,    .         -     .                   .
,           :         -  XVIII  XX.

9.  .
,  ,        16000 ,     .
  ..  ..      : 3 -     ( ), 1 -    , 2     , 9 -     , 7 -   "" ( ), 8 -   "" ( ).


:	3	1	2	9	7	8

	22,01	11,26	2,17	2,44	2,36	2,19
	22,36	15,58	2,16	3,49	2,05	1,87
	22,38	13,35	2,21	3,04	--	--
 .	22,24	13,40	2,17	2,98	2,20	2,04
	0,016	0,322	0,023	0,35	0,14	0,16


	3	1	2	9	7  	8 




	23,67	13,13	2,11	3,09	2,10	2.05
	23,34	20,75  	2,15	4,79	2,56	1,72
	23,45	14,27	2,28	3,35	2,38	1,67
	23,58	18,93	2,16	4,62	2,46	1,87
	23,78	14,86	2,15	3,64	2,74	1,88
	23,35	16,33	2,19	3,80	2,71	1,93
	23,77	14,23	2,11	3,47	2,15	2,17
	23,82	15,24	2,11	5,75	2,19	2,07
	23,77	14,97	2,20	3,42	2,49	1,75
 .	23,62	15,95	2,16	3,81	2,36	1,92
	0,020	0,477	0,08	0,45	0,27	0,26
                   
 
 ,      3  2,   - 0,016  0,023    0,020  0,08  .   2     ,              . , 2,17    2,16  .      2   "  ",     .
 3 -    -    ,      . ,     22,24,    23,62.   1,38,          .
     3     19,4   27,5 ,                .
     3,7  8  , , ,   .

:	3	7	8	:	3	7	8


  	23,82	2,25	2,10	

	22,42	2,87	2,03
	23,54	2,29	1,86		22,87	3,10	2,04
	23,61	2,61	1,82		22,98	2,64	1,92
	23,62	2,75	1,90				
	23,85	2,10	2,50				
..	23,65	2,45	1,95	..	22,71	2,91	2,01
	0,013	0,027	0,35		0,024	0,16	0,06

:	3	7	8	:	3	7	8
-
 	25,26	2,23	1,70		23,11	2,97	1,81
	25,43	2,48	2,21		23,04	2,58	2,00
	25,29	2,13	2,14				
..	25,32	2,38	2,02	..	23,06	2,83	1,90
	0,007	0,15	0,25		0,003	0,14	0,10

:	3	7	8	:	3	7	8
	23,40	2,54	1,78	
	23,43	2,72	1,99	
..	23,40	2,62	1,89	
	0,002	0,07	0,11	

    3,1,2,9    .

:	3	1	2	9
	25,13	11,67	2,09	2,92
	24,88	13,16	2,03	3,31
	24,98	13,72	2,06	3,68
	25,47	15,05	2,10	3,58
.	25,06	13,41	2,06	3,37
	0,019	0,25	0,03	0,26
:	3	1	2	  9
	26,08	15,65	2,05	3,99
	25,83	18,11	2,16	4,69
	26,18	15,40	2,11	4,02
.	26,01	16,58	2,11	4,28
	0,010	0,16	0,05	0,163

     3  ..: 22,02, 22,21, 22,20, 22,17  ..   22,15,   0,009.
,           .        .        3   .
  3 -      -          ,            .
 ,          .



	 -
 	           :
		2000	4000	8000	16000
	22,15	0,064	0,004	--	--
	23,57	0,136	0,019	--	--
	23,62	0,069	0,013	0,001	--
	22,30	0,054	0,018	--	--
	19,44	0,051	0,014	0,003	--
	23,67	0,040	0,013	--	--
	23,65	0,169	0,066	0,019	0,013
	22,71	0,165	0,109	0,025	0,024


	 -
 	           :
		2000	4000	8000	16000
	25,06	0,229	0,116	0,046	0,019
	22,24	0,126	0,069	0,040	0,016
-	24,49	0,240	0,062	0,005	--
	25,32	0,203	0,098	0,030	0,007
-	24,56	0,173	0,042	0,016	--


	 -
 	           :
		2000	4000	8000	16000
	26,01	   0,132	  0,057	  0,017	0,010
 ..	23,62	   0,199	  0,103	  0,036      	0,020
	22,15	   0,201	  0,109	  0,020	0,009
	24,64	   0,143	  0,027	  0,013	--
-	21,10	   0,129	  0,090	  0,049   	--
	21,20	   0,151	  0,064	  0,028	0,019
	23,08	   0,147	  0,049	  0,014	0,003
	20,60	   0,152	  0,115	  0,019	--
	23,40	   0,184	  0,111	  0,018	0,002

   ,   3     ,   16000.      XVIII . ,          8000 ,   -  8000 . ,         XVIII        XIX  XX .
   -   - ,       (  )        .      -    16000 ,       3      .
      22 ,             : .., .., .., ..  ...      .        3    16000        .  ,   ,    3      ,   22  27.

10.      .    .
       -   ,     ..     .        3 (  )  ,   ,        .      ,   . 
   (     )      ,      .   ,       . ,   ,       23,08  23,40.
 ,           .            ...  3 (  )         ,   1960-1964 ., . ,   3    :

 	   	 
 	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	VIII
 - 
 	22,6	22,5	  23,4	22,7	23,4	25,4	25,5	25,4

    3      (I-V )            (VI-VIII ) -  , .8.
         ,     ,    ,     .  ()       ,       26      .          -  3  ""    .
      . ,       (    8000  16000 )         .             .
                   .  , ,     .         ,            .

11.    ...
  " "        ...
    ,      28  -  .     ,        .         ,   8     1962 .
  ,      -         ,        .
 ,  ..         .   1965       .
  ,          ,    ,        ,   ..             (1870-1920),           1920 .
  ,            ,         .    . 
 ,            .     .   ,  , , ,    "" (  "  " [11]     1974 ),    ,     , -    ,     ,                [21].
""  ,               .    95%  I  II     68-70%  III  IV       ,      .      ,              .
    "" . : "     1928  " "   ,      .         . 23-     ,          (4-).  ,           ,             ,           ".
 ""     [15],[16].   ,  ""  .  .. ,     [18],   1990  .. -   "  ",   "".     ..- [18],.7.
 1991    ..  .. "-.    " [18].   ,     ,       ,    , ..  ..   ,           . .    << " ">>,   2000  [23].
 ,        1928 ,          .         ,      -   .    ,      ,    . 
          ,             [10],[13],[14].   .   [10],   1984 ,       1989 .      ( ,    ..),    ,     " "     .
    ,             ,      .    ,          ,   1962   8 .



 	    	 
  
 I-  	9,17	2,18
 II   -   	8,73	2,27
 III  -   	9,85	2,32
 IV   -   	9,30	2,31
 V    -   	9,66	2,21
 VI   -   	8,77	2,19
 VII  -   	10,70	2,15
 VIII -    	10,30	2,28

 ,         ,           . ,       ,        .       , ,    ,         .
 ,   , . [10],       (  ),  - ,          .
,     ,   -   ,      ,      ,      .         ,             ,       .         (   ,       ).
,   ,      :         .           !                 (   ).       ,    .   ,      (   )    , ,  "  ".
 ,   "  " (          ),       .     .        -   ,         .       .
        ,         ,    :  I    II.     .9    .


 	
 
(%)
 	22,46
 ,  I  II,
 1-5    6   III	19,55
 ,   III    IV,     6   7-8	22,69
 ,  I  II	23,07
   	24,37
, , , 	23,35

       .    .  ,      .
 1)   I  :  )   ; )   6- ,   7   ; )   ,    ,    .
 2)    II   1,2,3,4,5    6-   .
 3) 6-          I    II.    ( 100 )          II,    6-  -   I.
    .9  ,       (1924-1927 )   (     )     7-8       ,  .
  1-5     6          19,55%,     ,  ,    ,    23,03%.
   3,48%       I    II, .  .9,  ,     .         .
    :  ,      ,  ,   1,2,3,4,5      6  " "   ...
,   ,      ,   1-5   .         ,  " "  1-5   ,        .
 .    ,          .   ,          .    "" ,         , -      !
  ,     27      (       )        (    )  ,        3.       .
    -  ,   ,  ,   ,      -       1-5  .       ,      , ,  ,  , "" ,       (      27 ).
        -   ,              .    ,         .
           ,   ,    I     ,     II.       I  ,     II.  .


	 I	  II
	10,62	11,61
	7,36	4,80
	4,59	3,07
         I    II.
         ,   ""     ,  , -   I,II    III   . , "" ,   70%  III  IV    .    ,  IV      III  -    .

12.   -  
   ...
                      .        .10.

     
	  ( . )
  ,  8- 
 1962 .	

1924-1927	4,6	19-22
1928	47,6 (!)	23
1929-1931	5,6	24-26
1932	24,3	27
1933-1936	 	28-31
1937-1938	8,1	32-33
1939	 	34
1940	8,1	35
1941	 	36
1942	1,3	37
1943-1944	2,7	38-39
1945-1948	 	40-43
1949.	2,7	44
1950-1953	 	45-48
1954	5,6	49
1955	2,9	50
1956	3,9	51
1957	3,9	52
1958-1960	2,9	53-55

,     1905 . ,  1994     ,  ,          ,      ,   .      ,      .
  (.    VIII  , .1962 .,.),         1925 ,        20 .   1928 ,     23 ,    1-5       47,6  . ,      :       ""  1928           .
,        1927    .   ,     ,      (47,6 ..)   ,       ,      1926 .     ,   " 1925      " ",   ,   3-4 .. - ..." (., . .   .. "   ", ., 1980, .95-96). .  [18], .134.
  ,     ,     20   21 ,     ( 4 ),   ,    ,       (      ),         .         ,  -  - .
    - . : "      1918 ,  13 .          216 . "  "  ,      ...    - , ,    ,     -   ,    ,   ,    " [17].
         .10,               3,5  ,      (        ),      2    .
          .   - 14 ..  ,  .. - 13 ..,    - 21 ..           ,      1926 ,       (20   21 !),        (47,6 ..)  .  ,      ,     .
,                 .         (  )     -    - I  II   .  III  IV ,      ,    " "  .          I  II   . ,     .   ,   1995        ""  ,       , , .         ,           .
,              ?      ,   ..      ""   " ".

              13.    ...
           ,      .  ,         ,         . ,    [18],  ..  1990      . ..  ..   : "    ""            , , -" [18],.14.
        : , , ,   .         -  1905-1907  -        .   ,          .     .
 
	  
  	 - 
 	 -
 
.	5528	1161	21,00
	4391	924	21,04
	14965	3159	21,17
  	18699	3954	21,14
	43583	9198	21,11


,       ,      .   ,          .
    ,      ,    ,          ,             ,   ,      .
   ,   , -, ,      -   .      ,             1,56% = 21,11 - 19,55.     I       (    II)     3,48% = 23,03 - 19,55.  ,           . 
...       ,  ...
            ,    ,               .        .  ,  .11    ..,   .12 -  ...

14.    
     ...
        ,    -    ,    -     ,    -     .


1	2	3	4
 
1	16000	3614	22,59
2	16000	3520	22,00
3	16000	3522	22,01
4	16000	3617	22,61
5	16000	3680	23,00
6	2142	495	22,64
:	82142	18448	22,46
 .  I  II, 1-5     6
1	16000	3154	19,71
2	16000	3122	19,51
3	16000	3178	19,88
4	16000	3137	19,61
5	16000	3078	19,24
6	16000	3152	19,70
7	16000	3135	19,59
8	16000	3080	19,25
9	16000	3152	19,70
10	16000	3097	19,36
11	16000	3158	19,74
12	16000	3068.	19,18
13	16000	3186	19,91
:	208000	40697	19,55
 .  III  IV,    6    7,8
14	16000	3534	22,09
15	16000	3485	21,78
16	16000	3515	21,97
17	16000	3609	22,52
18	16000	3520	22,01
19	16000	3559	22,23
20	16000	3752	23,45
21	16000	3715	23,22
22	16000	3747	23,42
23	16000	3758	23,49
24	16000	3815	23,84
25	16000	3719	23,24
26	16000	3626	22,70
27	5563	1115	20,43
:	213563	48466	22,69
 .  I  II
1	16000	3645	22,78
2	16000	3549	22,18
3	16000	3657	22,82
4	16000	3679	22,99
5	16000	3647	22,75
6	16000	3689	23,05
7	16000	3730	23,30
8	16000	3800	23,78
9	16000	3707	23,14
10	16000	3735	23,34
11	16000	3693	23,08
12	16000	3686	23,03
13	16000	3786	23,66
14	290	65	22,42
:	208290	48058	23,07
 
( .  .    )
1	16000	3980	24,87
2	16000	3920	24,50
3	16000	3752	23,45
4	16000	3959	24,70
5	1424	338	23,73
:	65242	15949	24,37
, , ,  
1	16000	3682	23,01
2	16000	3797	23,73
3	16000	3685	23,03
4	16000	3797	23,73
5	3493	805	23,03
:	67495	15766	23,35

 
   3.

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                        4.
                 .

                 .., ...

        ?   ,  
 :      
?     ?  ?    
   ?     ?

    . -,    
   .  .    
      2000  ( 
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).  ,       .
         
     .   , , 
   .

    ,   ,   
    ..    .
   .     
   ..,    1907-1941
.

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.

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,    .

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          ,   
  ,        .   
     .

       ,   
  ,  ,   
      .  
.       
     .

----------------------------------------

          ...

                        1907 

   1)  .     .   ..
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   ..,   .

                         1925 

   2)  .. "   
".  " ", 1925, No.1, .157-175.  :
  .    . 
.. - "    ". 
" ", 1925, No.4, .133-143, -    
...

                          1928 

   3)  . <<     "">>.
   ""  13  1928 .   : 
 ..   "" 
. ..     <<
    .    
  "">>.    , -, 
 ""     ..  
      ..,     
       .

   4)  . "   ".   
""  27  1928 .  :  
.    : <<   , 
,      ""
   ...       
.       .
      ,  -  
 ,  -   .  , 
       .   ,
  ,     
 .  ,     
  ""!     , 
...      ,    .  
 -         -   >>.

                          1929 

   5)  .    " "  18 
1929 .  :     ..  
 "".

                          1975 

   6)  . "  ".  " ", 1975, No.1.,
.203-210.  :    ...
    .

------------------------------------------------------------------

           
                 (  1977-1999 ).

                          1977 

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-  "",  1977 , No.10, .106-114.  : 
      "  " 
.       ,  
,      .     
.  -   .  : <<  ,
 "" ,       
... ""      
.      ...>>
(.114). -,       
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.   .  ,    ,
        ,
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                       1981 

      -    ,
        
(29  1981 ),     .
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    ...  ..   
  "   
"       ..,  ,
:  <<29  1981 .   .
- ,  .. 
 ...     
    ,  
   .". (8 
1984 ).

           
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  ,    
.       
       
 .       
..

                       1982 

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   3)  ..,  .. <<   
" ">>.  " ", 1982, No.8, .70-82. .
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.

                        1983 

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[3].      .  
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..  .., , : " (   -
.) ,       , 
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      .  , 
" "    . 
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    .   
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.        
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..  " ,  
" (.27).

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", No.4, .28-32.  :     
.

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.

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"".   :  ", , 
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.

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...  :      
.

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   "   
  .          
       
.   ,  .., 
     ...  ..  
     ..  
: <<  ,   
      .., 
     ,  
   ,    
 .     ,   "
"       
 ,      , 
-    -
>> (8  1984 ).

   15)  " ", 1984 , No.1,   
 , ,  ,   
.

   "     .....  
       
   .  ,  ,  , 
     ,  
    - "
(.115).

   "..       
,      
. ,  ,    
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   ".. ,     
 ,     
  ,      
 , ,   
,     ,  
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        . ..  
.  ,   , 
    ,   
 :      .  
  , ..,  -  .
<<    ,   
.. ( - .).   ,  , ,   
,    : "    
.  .  - ".     . 
,     , ... , ,
       ,  
   ..,     "" , 
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       -   
>> [754:2], .547-548.

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  .      ..
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". - ., 1985.  : ,  ,  ,
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 ,    ...

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", No.51 (1021), 20  1985 .  : 
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..  .      .

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 - , .    .
: << ""     
      
>> (.105).

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" ",   ..   .

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.  - .    .

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,      "
",      .
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".   ..   
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 ""      ( 
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, ".    ...
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 " "       
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                       1990 

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"  " (.409-412)  "  ?"
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No.7, 1991 .  : ,     
    .  1991     
     ""    
    ...
       
   :

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,  (   )   
    "  ".   
,        1992 . 23
 1992        
     ...

             :

    1.          
    "".    
  ,   ,  
 .

    2.     ,   
      ...

    3.      -   
,        (, ,
     ).

    4.   -     -    
   "  ".

    5.     .   
        
   .      
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 ...   ,   4    ,
 " "    .., 
        
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                             :
             .., .., ...
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    ..   ,     "" 
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, ,      ,     
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,  . .    , 
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.       
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..    ,   
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.

                          1997 

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     ,   ..   
      , 
   .  ,    
   ...  
..  : "   ,    
 ,       
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      ,    . 
,         
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   ,  ..." ( "
", 31  1997 ).

           
..  ,       ,
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    ,    
,   ,   ,  
        
:       ,  
".       .

    67) ... "  ".  "", 1997,
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    .    
   ,    .   ,
  ,      .  
 - .

    ..     "".  
   ..   
,        .   
,    "".

--------------------------------
                              
                               ""
                            ..

               !


     ,     ,
  .     
 .       .  
        
       .   
     .

                              
                           ..

                          11  1997 

---------------------

                .
                    ..

          2  ""  1997   
,        
    .   ,
,  ,   :  " 
  " (..),    
   ,   
        
 .   ,     
      :  "
        
" (.76).

          , 
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   -    ,     
    ,    
?

     ,    .  
,     " ",
     
   .   -  
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     .  
        (
       
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 .         
1970- .    1990   .   
         
  -  .   ,    
       
  20 ,    , ,  
 .

          
     ,
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    ,      
[1], [2].       , 
    600  1300   .
      .
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 .

           .
       
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 .  .  XVI-XVII  
  .      
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 International Statistical Review (vol.56, No.3, pp.279-301).
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.

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    "   
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[1] .., .., ... 
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[2] .., .., ... 
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[3] ..   . - , ,
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[5] Ptolemy's Almagest. Transl. and annot. by G.J.Toomer. -
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- .. 1999 .

          .. 1991 , 
      :  "
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    68)      ..  ""
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   69)  . "  , ".  "
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    79)  . << ""   >>. - 
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    80)  . "      ".  -
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   82)  . " - !" -  "",
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    85)  . "   ". ( 
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    88)   . " ". -  "",
No.12, 1997, .68-71.  :  . 
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    89) ... "  ".  .
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   95)  . " ".  TV Review,
No.72, 13/11/1977. Canadian-Russian Biweekly Publication.  :
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                         1998 

    96)  . " . -  
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    97)  . "   "  - 
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    98)  . "   " - 
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   101)  , "   ". 
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   103)  . "  ?  
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   106) ... <<   " ">>.
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 1998, .230-239.  :   
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   107) ... "     ".
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 1998, .258-267.  :  . 
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   108)  .. " ". .. " ". - 
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    111)  . "   ... 
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    112) .. <<   " ">>. 
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    113) .. "  ". 
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    118)  . "  ,    
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   123)  . "    ?" - 
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    125)  . <<   "">>. -  "
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    126) ... << " ">>. -  ,
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    128)       " ", 
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   131) .. "   ". -  "",  24
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   132) "   -     ?" -  "",
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?

                          :

[1]  Fomenko A.T., Kalashnikov V.V., Nosovsky G.V. Geometrical and
Statistical Methods of Analysis of Star Configurations. Dating
Ptolemy's Almagest. - CRC Press. 1993, USA.

[2]   ..,  ..,  .. 
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. - , - "", 1995.

[3]   ..,  ..,  ..  
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1988, .59-78.

[4]   ..,  ..,  ..  
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[5]   ..,  ..,  ..  
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[9]  Fomenko A.T., Kalashnikov V.V., Nosovsky G.V.  When was
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[10]  Fomenko A.T., Kalashnikov V.V., Nosovsky G.V. The dating of
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[11]  Fomenko A.T., Kalashnikov V.V., Nosovsky G.V. Statistical
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[12]    ..,  ..   "" 
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[13]   .., .. (  ..). 
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------------------------------------------------------------------

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                        .

[1]  ...     
    . (  
 ,   , 
  ). - , - , 1990.

[3] ...     
.    .  1,2. - , -
"+",  1999.

[5] .., ...   
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[6] .., .., ...  
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[7]  .., .., ... 
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[14]  .., ...   ,   .
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[16]  .., ... . , , ,
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[18]  .., ...   .
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[19] "".    .  3
(151). - , " ", 2000.

[20]   .  " " 
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[21]  ..,  ..  "" 
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[22]  ..,  ..   
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[26]   .  .  29. ,
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[30]   ..  . (   -
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.6: 1930, .7: 1932.   1998     
 ..    "".  
  .
---------------------------------------------------------------

- 2001 .

     2001        ""
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  2000 .

----------------------------------------------------------------

       . ,    
    ,   ,  
.    1999-2000     ,  
      .

             
     Internet'.    
 ,      
     .  
    .   
,       
.

         .  "  
       ,
 ,    .   
 ,    ,   
      ".




  ,      , .        .  ,        .

--------------------------------------------------------------------

   .

      1990  ( ..           1980 ).           "",   2003    (   )     ,   2003 .

-------------

 " ( )".  .

# 1: ... << . (  .  . . . .  .    . " " )>>.  . - ., , 2005.  :Anatoly T.Fomenko. "History: Fiction or Science?". Chronology 1. - DelamerePublishing, Paris, London, New York, 2003.  : ..."   . (     .     )".  1,2. - ,, 2009, - .

# 2: ... ". (-  .  .    .    XIII  .. . . .   .    XII  ..   XI  ..)".   . - ., . 2005.  :Anatoly T.Fomenko. "History: Fiction or Science?". Chronology 2. - DelamerePublishing, Paris, London, New York, 2005.

# 3-: .., .., ... ".(   .  . . . .  )". - ., , 2006. (   "").  : Anatoly T.Fomenko, TatianaN.Fomenko, Vladimir V.Kalashnikov, Gleb V.Nosovskiy. "History: Fiction orScience?". Chronology 3. - Delamere Publishing, Paris, London, New York, 2007.

# 3-: .., .., ... ". (  .  . .  . . )". - ., , 2006. (   "").  : Anatoly T.Fomenko, Tatiana N.Fomenko,Vladimir V.Kalashnikov, Gleb V.Nosovskiy. "History: Fiction or Science?".Chronology 3. - Delamere Publishing, Paris, London, New York, 2007.

# 4: .., ... "  . (. .. )".   . - ., , 2004.  : AnatolyT.Fomenko, Gleb V.Nosovskiy. "History: Fiction or Science?". Chronology 4. -Delamere Publishing, Paris, London, New York, 2007.

# 5: .., ... ". ( . -.=. . . . . . )".  . - ., , 2004.

# 6: .., ... " . ( - . .  . . .   )".   . - .,, 2004.

# 7: .., ... ". ( .   - .         )".   . - ., , 2005.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

   ,   ""    ,    .

  2013 , ..  ,       .  ,      ,     ,    -.

# [] (-1)  ..,  .. "  .    . 2000-2002 ". - ., "", 2002.  : ., ,, 2007.

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# [] (-1) .., ... " ". - -,  "", 2004.  : ., , ,2007.

# [] (-2) .., ... "  . (.  .  )". - ., , " ",2005.  2011       : ". (  .  .  )". - ., ,, 2011.

# [] (-2) .., ... "    .( 2003-2004 )". - ., - , 2005. : ., , , 2009.

# [] (-3) .., ... " . ( .  .   -  .   .   -  .    )". - ., , , 2006.

# [] .., ... " .    :     ". - ., "", 2006.

# [] (-4) .., ... <<     . (      -,  ,    ,        " "     )>>. - .,, , 2006.

# [] (-5) .., ... <<-:    .(   . " "   . .   .  )>>. - .,, , 2007.

# [] (-6) .., ... " . (   )". - ., , , 2007.

# [] (-7) .., ... <<    "". (   -,  , ,       -.  , ,     , , ,,   )>>. - ., , , 2008.

# [] (-8) .., ... <<  -    "" . (   ,      ,   - -      XVI-XVII .     "" ,   )>>. - ., , , 2009.

# [] (-9) .., ... " .   -. ( ,  , ,   , ,        )". - ., , , 2008.

# [] (-10) .., ... << :  -  -. ( ""  ,  , ,       XVI-XVII )>>. - ., , , 2009.

# [] (-11) .., .. "   .   . (  -   ,   .   -      )". - .,, , 2009.

# [] (-12) .., ... <<. ""- XVI . (      -,  XVI )>>. - ., , , 2009.

# [] (-13) .., ... " .  . ( .   1421 . . )". - ., , , 2009.

# [] (-14) .., ... "   . (      )". - -,  "",  , 2004.  : .,, , 2009.

# [] (-3) .., ... ",   . ( 2005-2008 )". - ., , , 2009.

# [] (-15) .., ... ":    XII-XVII . (- (   ), ,   (   ),  , ,  "",         )". - ., , , 2010.

# [] (-4) .., ... ". ( .  .  .  2008-2010 )". - .,, , 2010.

# [] (-16) .., ... "      .  -     -  ". - ., , ,2011.

# [] (-17) .., ... "    .   ". - ., . 2012.

# [] (-18) .., ... <<    .     . (      .      .  ""     ,   ,   )>> - . - , 2013.

# [] (-19) .., ... <<    . .   .  "">>. - ., - , 2014.

# [] (-20) .., ... "    .     ". - ., - , 2015.

---------------------------------------------

 2010-2011  ..    "" (  - ":   ").     .     2011 .   2013 , ..   ,     .  ,       ,     ,    -.

# [1] (-1) ...  1.   .  .   .    .  . - , - , , 2011.

# [21] (-2) ...  2,  1:  -  .  .     XIII  ..  XII  ..      XI . , - , ,2011.

# [22] (-3) ...  2,  2:   -  . -  .     .    . - , - , , 2011.

# [31] (-4) .., .., ...  3,  1: .    "". ,- , , 2012.

# [32] (-5) .., .., ...  3,  2:  .  .      .  . - , - , , 2012.

# [41] (-6) .., ...  4,  1:  .  . "-" .  . . . .               .  . - , - , , 2012.

# [42] (-7) .., ...  4,  2:  .   .      .   .    -   .- , - , , 2012.

# [51] (-8) .., ...  5,  1: .  . . . .     . - , - , , 2012.

# [52] (-9) .., ...  5,  2:  ..       .   .  . . -   . -, - , , 2012.

# [61] (-10) .., ...  6,  1:  .  XIV-XVII    . - - -    .    - .      XVI .

# [62] (-11) .., ...  6,  2:  -.  .   .    .  .   - XVI .   -     .

# [63] (-12) .., ...  6,  3:   . .   .     . .   XVI  -  "" .

# [71] (-13) .., ...  7,  1:  .""   ""  -   - XIV-XVII .        . -, - , 2012.

# [72] (-14) .., .., ...  7,  2:  "" .     . -, - , 2012.

----------------------------------------

    ,   1990-2004 .

  "",    2003   (    )    ,    , -     ,    , -  1990-2004          .  ,       .

          "" (): 1) . 2) -1  -2. 3) -3. 4)  . 5) . 6)  . 7) .

------------------------------------------------------------------- : "".

# []:1  ..  -           . (). - . :    . 1981. . 3672. .  9/XI - 81 . No.7201,.1-100.

# []:2 English translation: Fomenko A.T. Some new empirico-statisticalmethods of dating and the analysis of present global chronology. 1981. London,The British Library, Department of printed books. Cup. 918/87.

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# [1396:1] [Schedel] Hartmann Schedel. "La chronique universelle denuremberg". L'edition de Nuremberg, colore'e et commente'e.(L'edition 1493, colore'e et commente'e). Introduction etAppendice par Stephan Fu"ssel. - Taschen GmbH. (Ko"ln). Ko"ln,London, Madrid, New York, Paris, Tokyo, 2001.

# [1406] Shaban S. "Change-point problem and two-phase regression:annotated bibliography". - International StatisticalReview, 1980, v.48, p.83-86.

# [1411] Stancheva Magdalina. "Veliki Preslav". - Sofia, Zlatostrouy, 1993.

# [1415] Stierlin Henri. "The Pharaohs Master-Builders". - Paris, FinestS.A./ L'editions Pierre Terrail, 1992.

# [1449] "The English version of the polyglot Bible with a copies andoriginal selection of references to parallel andillustrative passages". - London. S.Bagster and Sons. 15,Paternoster Row.

# [1465] Turhan Can. "Topkapi Palace". - Orient, Istanbul, 1995.

# [1485] Woronowa Tamara, Sterligov Andrej. <<Westeuropa"ischeBuchmalerei des 8. bis 16. Jahrhunderts in der RussischenNationalbibliothek, Sankt Petersburg. (Frankreich. Spanien.England. Deutschland. Italien. Niederlande)>>. - Bechtermu"nz.Genehmigte Lizenzausgabe fu"r Weltbild Verlag GmbH, Augsburg2000. Germany. 1996 by Editions Parkstone/Aurora, England.

     "  -  "

----------------------------------------------  1

.1.1.    ().  "   "        .

.1.2.   ""   .

.1.3     ""   .

.1.4. ""  : , , , .  " " .      -     . ,    .   [1396:1],  LXIX.

.1.5.  ,     ,     .   1320-1330 .   [1075:1], .204.

.1.6.   ,       (-).   VI   ..   [304:1], .1, .111.

.1.6a.     XX .   [96:1], .32-33.

.1.7.        .     .   [304:1], .1, .113.

.1.8.   "  ",   1395-1405 .       .   -   (  ,    ,  ).    " " [1075:1], .257.  .    ,     .   [1075:1], .250.

.1.9.  .  " "  () . ,     .   [90], .27.

.1.9a.     .  " "  ,  1493 .   [1396:1],  LXII .

.1.10. "   ".   " ".     "  "   (Maso Finiguerra),  XV .  : "RE CICRO PES FV[ -]T II[ m].II[ C]. XXX".   ""  -      .   [1267],  18.

.1.11. "   ".     "  "  .  : "HVESTA CITTA SI CIAMA ATTENA DIFICA[ -  -] DA CICROPES".     :  , = ,    .   [1267],  19.

.1.12.    "" .   [1267],  19.

.1.13. =   "" .   [1267],  19.

.1.14.   ""       .   [1267],  19.

.1.15.         "" ".   [1267],  18.

.1.16.     . ,  Bargello.   [1267],  8, .

.1.17.   (..  ). ""  .   : "        ".  V   ..   . , .    ..., .   2013 . .   -       V   ..  [304:1], .1, .147.

.1.18.  .     ,  1493 .   [1396:1],  LXXIII . .  [90], .25.

.1.19.     ""   "   " (De coelo et mundo). ,     ( )   .   [643:2], .297.

.1.20.      II,  .  .   [304], .2, .516-517, .

.1.21.       II. [304], .2, .516-517, .

.1.22.     II  (1432-1481).  .   ""   II ,  ,   ""  II ,   .   [1465], .2. .   " ".

.1.22a.        .   .

.1.23. "      ".     ,  ,     XVI .      ,     .      .   -  ,    .   [578],  2, .16.

.1.24.     .      .          ,    [264], .2, .10.   [257:3], .361.

.1.25.      "Ab urbe condita",  XV . "  II      ".  ""     .   [1229], .28.

.1.26. ,  ""  II.       "" .       -      . ,    .  ,  ()    ().  " " ,  1493 .   [1396:1],  LXXVI.

.1.27. 29  1453    II   -.       ,       II,   .   [140], .5.

.1.27a. " II   ". Benjamin Constant (1876 ).   .

.1.28.     ,    " "  II.   ..  2015 .

.1.29.  " "  II     .  2015 .

.1.30.    XV .     (XV ). "    .   ;    ,  " [304], .2, .554.

.1.31.     .   .  ,            .   [198], .159. .  [578], .1, .61, .49.

.1.32.    .   .   [524:1], .50, .38.

.1.32a.   . .  .   [855], .16.

.1.33.  . ,  ( ?) .     ,  IV   ..   [660], .2, .400-401.

.1.33a.   "  ",  XV .   [99:1], .38.

.1.34.       ""   .

.1.35.    X    .   -    -,     .   [232], .155, .224.

.1.35a.  ,   , .      -     .   [1411], .80.

.1.36.   .    IX-X  ..   .  -  ,    .   [232], .156, .227.

.1.37.    X  ..      . .    .   [232], .156, .225.

.1.38.    XI-XII  ..   .   ,        .   [232], .156, .226.

.1.39.        ,    ,      (  ).    XII  .. .     .   [232], .157, .228.

.1.40.       . . .   ..  2009 .

.1.41.   .       .  .  XI-XII  ..   [232], .157, .230.

.1.42.   .   . .    .  .  XI-XII  .. ,    [232], .157, .231.

.1.43.   .       .   1000  ..   [232], .159, .233.

.1.44.   .       ,  XI  .. .   [232], .159, .234.

.1.45.   .  . ,  XII .   [991:1], .13.         ,  1165  .. [232], .159, .235.

.1.46.   . .  .     .   [116], .31.

.1.47.  " ",    .    ,      ,   XVII   ..  ,  - "  "     .   [863], .12.

.1.48.   ,       1529 .     ,   . ,   "  "     , . " ", .5.   [304], .3, .72.

.1.48a.  .  : "           ,       " [192:1], .92.

.1.49. "" -   ()     .   [304], .1, .242-243.

.1.50.   "  ". Juan Valverde de Amusco. "Anatomia del corpo humano". Rome: Ant. Salamanca, et Antonio Lafreri, 1560.   [1374], .185.

.1.51.    ( ).    .     .  ( 1490-1576).  1570-1576 . Kromeriz Archdiocesan Museum.   . .  ""     [524:1], .225, .219.

.1.52.  . "" .  III   .. .   [361], .21. .  [524:1], .226, .220.

.1.53.  "  "     ""  [163]    . [195].

.1.54.  "  "   ,      .    .

***********************************************************  2

.2.1.          .  .

.2.2.       .  .

.2.3.       .  .

.2.4. "   ",    16 ,     ,   .

.2.5.   16-  "   "  16-    .

.2.6.     ()   .    .  380-400  ..   [643:2], .44, .1.

.2.7.     .  , ,      .     (). ,  XV . ,               .   [643:2], .180, .1.

.2.8. "  ".   "  "   (Maso Finiguerra),  XV .   [1267],  1.

.2.9.   "  "  "  ".    ,    ,     .   [1267],  1.

.2.10.        .     XV .     (     "")   ,      XV-XVII     " ".   [714], .121.

.2.10a.      .  !     ,     " "   .      .   [768:2], .52.

.2.11.  . (1471-1528) "  " (1504 ).   [1117], .66. .  [1232],  18.

.2.12. ,      .    -  . ,   1130 .   [643:2], .146, .4.

.2.13.  . "  " (1507 ). ,    .   - ,   - .   [1117], .84-85.   [1232],  18.

.2.14.  . "  ".    .     ,  , ,    .   [1117], .67, .66.

.2.14a.      ( ).  -    .   [1121:2], .89.

.2.15.  (1483-1520), " ".  .   [713], .369, .338.

.2.16.        (1472-1553) " ".     " ", -.         =.   ,       . ,   ,       ,   ,   ,   . ,  ""         .  ,   ""=   : "" =   =    , ,       .       . ,   .   [1244], .47.

.2.16a.  " "    ( 1470-1524 ).    " "   "" ,    -   [851], .93. -, " " -   .   - " "   -  , .   ,          " ",   ,  .        .  " "    ( 1470-1524 )  .     - .   [493:1], .156.

.2.16b. " ".   (Matthias Gerung),   1500-1568/1570 .   : "   -   ,     -  ,  -       ".  ..., .   2013 .

.2.17. "    . , . 1470" [643:2], .166, .1.

.2.18.    1656  ().      ""  .    RHA,      .     . .  [90], .150-151.

.2.19.   .    (Puget). 1683-1684. , . .  [524:1], .343, .345.   "" , . [524:1], .342, .344.

.2.20.   .  . 1570-1572. ,  .   .

.2.21.      (1461-1521). "  ".   [361], .80.

.2.22. "  "   "".   [544], .4, .167, .33.

.2.23.  ,  .   ".  ".  XIV .  , .   [462],  17.

.2.24.  .. (1577-1640) "  ".      ,   (   ) -       ,  .   [533], .1, .82. .  [985:2], .37.

.2.25. ""     .    -   .  1611 ,  Joachim Wtewael (1566-1638).   [1237].

.2.26.    (1500-1571) "   ".   ,  .    ,   ",    ".   [713], .254-255.

.2.27.     ( 1465-1525/1526) "    ".  ,    -.   [368], .52.

.2.28.    (1472-1553) ",  ".    ,  ,  -.   [1310], .16.

.2.29.  "  "  .    XVII .  ,   ""      " ,     ".    ,  ""        XIV-XVII .   [194], .434.

.2.30.   .   .  - .      .   .   [490:4],  ,  1, .69,  -590. .  [851], .16-17.

.2.31. . .    .    ,    .    [568], .17.

.2.32.    .      .   XII .     ,  -  ,     -       .   [568], .113.

.2.33.       .   [568], .17.

.2.34.  ""     Chan Bahlum (   ?)      ,  .   [1270], .39.

.2.35.        Pacal   ,  .     : "  .   . " [383], .191.   [1270], .53.

.2.36.     "" .   [524:1], .170.

.2.37.   IV       .    ,    .      - .   [1177], plate 10.

.2.38.   .         XV .              : ,   .   [1160], .34. .  [1177], .18.11, .302.

.2.39.    .         IX .   [1177], fig.18.43, .343.

.2.40.       XIII .  -      .   [1177], fig.18.50, .346.

.2.41.      XI .           : ,   .   [1177], fig.18.52, .346.

.2.42.      " ".  " "    ().   [1244], .47.

.2.43.  ""   (  1485 ),     .    -    ,    , .   .   [689], .49.

.2.44.   "".     .    ,    ,    .   [689], .48.

.2.45. <<   , " ", -    .    . , 1530>> [643:2], .268, .1.

.2.46.    .          . [643:2], .268, .1.

.2.47.    . ""   .   [524:1], .538, .587.

.2.47a.   .  .  " ". , .  .   [315:1], .183.

.2.48. "  ".   "  "  .  : "CAVM FVIT ANNO XV, AEL FVT ANNO XXX".  15-  30- .   [1267],  1.

.2.49.    ( Marzocco  ),     ,    . ,   -  .   ,       .   [1267], .44.

.2.50.    .  "  "  .  -  .  : "DEA FVIT ANNO XXXXV, SETTE FVIT ANNO L."   [1267],  2.

.2.51. .           .           .  ,   XVII-XVIII ,        ""  .   [1267],  2.

.2.52.      .  "  "  ,  XV .  : "TVBALCAIN FVIT ANNO VIIII-XXX, HCVI FINISCIE LA PRIMA E COMINCA SECONDDA ETA".       "" XVII-XVIII .   [1267],  3.

.2.53.    ,    XV .  .    " "   .   [1267],  2, .

.2.53a.     .    .       [490:4],  ,  1, .31,  -245.

.2.54.   .   "  "  .  -  .   [1267],  4.

.2.55.   " ".      -  .   [1267],  4.

.2.56.   XV  "   " ( ).   [1267],  3, .

.2.57.    (1439-1507) "   :    ".   ( ).       .   ,  ,     ,  .   [713], .193, .187.

.2.58.      ""- .   [713], .193, .187.

.2.59.      ""- .  .

.2.59a.   .       [490:4],  ,  1, .30,  -17, .

.2.60.   .   . ,   XV .   .   [643:2], .141, .7.

.2.61.   .      XIV .   [643:2], .141, .8.

.2.61a.    .       [490:4],  ,  1, .51,  -255.

.2.61b.      72 .       [490:4],  ,  1, .52,  -255, .

.2.62.     1558  (Biblia Sacra).          .   -   .   [544], .2, .497, .145.

.2.62a. ,        .       .       [490:4],  ,  1, .89,  -32.

.2.62b.    : "        ".       [490:4],  ,  1, .116,  -45, .

.2.62c.      .       [490:4],  ,  1, .258,  -116, .

.2.63.            .   1320-1330 .   [1075:1], .204.

.2.64.   ,    ( )     ( ).

.2.65.     1874 .  .  "     ".   [544], .2, .89.

.2.66.      ,      () .     .   [398], .10.

.2.67.          VI-VIII  ..

.2.68.     " " .   -  ,   .       .   -   ,     .   [1396:1],  LXXV, .

.2.69.     = .         .       [398], .20,  51.

.2.70.   .          .   [398], .20,  51.

.2.70a.   ( 452-526 ). .  1514 .    .  , .    . ..  .    ,  "   XVI .,       ".        !   2013 .

.2.71.      ,   1165 .    ,      . ,    (+). -,             ,      .   [643:2], .256, .2.

.2.72.        . ""     .    "Guido delle Colonne (de Columna): Historia Destructionis Troiae",   XV .   [1485], .109, .119.

.2.73. ,   . "" . .   [524:1], .163, .152.

.2.74.    .   "" .   [524:1], .164, .153-154.

.2.75. "     XIII ...      .     " [643:2], .110, .1.

.2.76.  " "   "  " (Les Grandes Chroniques de France),  XV .  : " ...   -   ...      " [1485], .148.   [1485], .177.

.2.77.   " ". : "           " [1485], .148. ,        -.   [1485], .177.

.2.78.    " ".      -.   [1485], .177.

.2.79.   " ". ,   .     .     ,    .   [1485], .177.

.2.80.    .   "  "  .   [1267],    25  26.

.2.81.        (.)   .

.2.82.      .   "  "  .   [1267],  42.

.2.83.    . "" .   [524:1], .598, .660.

.2.84.  "  "    (1472-1553).    ,  ,    .       ,           .     .   [1310], .7.

.2.85.     (Sheba).   XVI .   , . .  [1267],  68, .

.2.86.     (Sheba).   "  "  .   [1267],  69.

.2.87.   ""     922  724   ..       X-XIII  ..

.2.88.  ""     922  724   ..       X-XIII  ..      1840 .

.2.89.   ""    928-587   ..       X-XIII  ..

.2.90.  ""    928-587   ..       X-XIII  ..      1830 .

.2.91.   ""   ( )  928-587   ..  "-"     IV-VII  ..

.2.92.  : ,  (), .  " "  ,  1493 .   -  .          . ,    .   [1396:1],  XLIX.

.2.93.  : ,  , , .  " " .   -  .          . ,    .   [1396:1],  LII.

.2.94.  :   .  " " .   -  .          . ,    .   [1396:1],  LIII.

.2.95.  : , , , , .  " " .   -  .          . ,    .   [1396:1],  LV.

.2.96.     ,        ,   .

.2.97.              .

.2.98.  .  " " .    -      .   [1396:1],  CXLIII.

.2.99.  .  " " .    -      .   [1396:1],  CXLV.

.2.100.  : , , , , , .  " " .   -  .          . ,    .   [1396:1],  LX, .

.2.101. -  .  " " .    -      . ,    .   [1396:1],  LXII, .

.2.102.    "Chronologie universelle", Flandern (Bru"gge),  1480 .  - ""   ,   - ""  .  ,     ,   -  ,   -   .   [1485], .367.

.2.103.    "Chronologie universelle", Flandern (Bru"gge),  1480 .  "" ,  .     ,   -  .   [1485], .283, .370.

.2.104.  . "     ,      ".  ""     .   [1234],  41.

.2.105.     . ""    . ,       .     .  " " .   [1396:1],  LXIII.

.2.106.           =  =  .

.2.107. "  V     . . XIV " [643:2], .305.

.2.107a.    " ".     .  1465 . ,  .   [315:1], .6.

.2.108.     XIX  ( ).   [304], .2, .46.

.2.109.  .      .   [398], .14,  45.

.2.110.   .     .   [398], .17,  48.

.2.111.        .     1902 .   [693], .197-198.

.2.112.  . " . , 1896 ."   ..  2009     -.   1899     .  - ,  -   .  -  "      " [693], .203-204.

.2.113.  ,         .  -   ,    .   [544], .6, .521, .99.

.2.114.   ,    .      ,    .      [398], .34,  123.

.2.115.  .  " " .    ""   -  =  .    -     -   .   [1396:1],  XXXVI.

.2.116. ""   ,   .    .          .           .     .      .  ,  " "     - .   [1396:1],  XLIX.

.2.117. =       ""  (    ).   [1396:1],  XXXVI.

.2.118. " "  ,  XIV-XIII   ..              .   -    = "" .     . " ", .6.   [1396:1],  XXXVI.

.2.119.        .     ,  1493 .    ()  "",  , , = .          (   )     . ""         .   [1396:1],  XXX, .

.2.120.      . ' ,  ,   .     -    -  ,   -, .   [1396:1],  XXX, .

.2.121.   " " .       .    - "",  ,  , = .   [1396:1],  XXX, .

.2.122.   ,  " " =  " ",   .  " " .         ,    -    .     ,   - .   [1396:1],  VII.

.2.123.       .  -  ,   .    .      .        -       .   [1396:1],  XXVII.

.2.124.  ""  : , , , , , .    .      .      -  - .        .   [1396:1],  XXXVII.

.2.125. ""    ""  .    .    - = .   [1396:1],  XXXVII, .

.2.126.       (3  4:1-2).    .    - = .   [1396:1],  XLVIII.

.2.127. ""  .    .          .   -  - .   [1396:1],  LXIX.

.2.128. ,  Guglielmo Giraldi   ,    XV .          . ""     .    ,    - = . , Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.    . "  ".   [1229], .59.

.2.129.   =   "" .  -     ,        .  , ,  "" ,  ,      -.  ,       XV-XVI        .      ,     -  -.   [1229], .59.

.2.130. ""   .       = .  .     .  1296-1405 .   [643:2], .149, .8.

.2.131.     , ,   .     - "".   ..   2013 .

.2.132. ""     .    =    "".

******************************************************************  3

.3.1.    X  Y,        .

.3.2.  "  " C(t)   "  " (  ,    M),    .

.3.3.         ,      C(t).    X  Y       ,     ,    .

.3.4.      .

.3.5.    ,       .

.3.6.            .

.3.7.       .

.3.8.     ""        ,         ,         .

.3.9.   F(x)  g(x)=1-F(x).

.3.10.    -          .

.3.11.         ,      .     ,      .

.3.12.    ' ,     ,      .

.3.13.     300-400    .    " "   " " .        300-400 .

.3.14.       .

.3.15.     1-22.

.3.16.    .

********************************************************  4

.4.1.  .  .   . .  [481], .37.

.4.2.    " ".   .

.4.3.  " ".   [481], .42.

.4.4.   " ",     "  ".   [481], .46.

.4.4a.  "" ,    .   .

.4.5. . "" .  - .   [481], .53.

.4.6. .   "   ".  - .   [481], .57.

.4.7. . .     .   [481], .54.

.4.8. . "" .  .   [524:1], .267, .256.

.4.9. . ""   "   ".   [481], .58.

.4.10. .   .  .   [481], .25.

.4.11. .     .   [481], .28.

.4.12.    .   . .  [481], .85.

.4.13. .     .  - .   . .  [481], .89.

.4.14.       " " .   . .  [481], .93.

.4.15. "       .   . . XV .         ,    " [643:2], .69, .7.

.4.16.      .   1340-1360 . "         ,    ,       " [643:2], .69, .5.

.4.17. ,     -      .   ,     .   ..  2002 .

.4.18. ,     -      .     .       .    ,   -   " ".   2002 .

.4.19.        "",    .    .   2002 .

.4.20.        "",    .    .   ..   2002 .

.4.21.        "",    .    .   2002 .

.4.22.        "",    .    .   2002 .

.4.23.  ..    .  XVI .   [407:1], .44. .  [502:2],  .

.4.24.  ,      [504:1], .4, .815.

******************************************************************  2

.d2.1.    .     ,   -  .  ,      ,   .

.d2.2.    .

.d2.3.        .

.d2.4.    ' ,     .

.d2.5.    .

.d2.6.      .

.d2.7.        "".

.d2.8.   ""        .

.d2.9.   .          .      ,       .

.d2.10.   .       "-".     ,       .

-----------------------------------------------------------------  3

.d3.1.    ,   ,     .

.d3.2.  :    ,    16000 .  ,    "",   .

.d3.3.  :    ,    16000 .  ,    "".   ,        .    .

.d3.4.  :   ,    2000 .  .

.d3.5.  :   ,    4000 .    ,    .

.d3.6.  :   ,    8000 .    "",       .

.d3.7.  :   ,    16000 .  ,    . ,        .  ,  - :         .

.d3.8.     " "    .      ...

.d3.9.      ,  " " ,  ,  ...

.d3.10.          ... ,     - " " ( 1  2) -     .

.d3.11.  ...   [501].

.d3.12.  ...   [501].

------------------------------------------------

 4.

.d4.1.    ...,       .

.d4.2.    ....

.d4.3.       ,  22  1998 .  "", No.29-30 (479-480)  11-24  1998 .   :   ,    :   .      "",     .

.d4.4.  5   ..  ..,    ,      . ..  ..      ,      ,   .      .     ,  -   .   ..  ..,          ,     ,     .       ,      .   ..  ..   .  ,     ,          , , ,   XVI    ..
