.., ..
 
 : ,   .    . .    --.
 "    " 


 , 2015 .



        ,      ,       ,    .            .           (). ,      ,   .    ,     .          ,     . 





1.    
2.      
2.1.        
2.2.     
2.3.      
2.4.  -   
2.5.    
2.6.  ~1.  
~2.   -  
~3.          
~4.       -    ,   
2.7.  ~1.      
~2.         
~3.   
~4.       
~5.     -  
~6.   
~7.   .  
~8.             XIX 
~9.    XIX 
~10.          XVIII 
2.8.     ~1.   
~2.   - ,      
~3.   ?
~4.    ?
~5.           ,   
2.9.    ""   XIII-XIX  ~1.  . -   " "  .    -     
~2.    XIV      XV         .  ""    
~3.    
3.    - 
3.1.      
3.2.    
3.3.      " "   
3.4.     
3.5.              
3.6.    
4.        XVII 
5.         :         ,   ,   
6.  :   ?
7.   -      
8.   ""

 1.   -   ,    
1.1.   ( )
1.2.       
1.3.   -  .  
1.4     
1.5.     
~1.  
~2.   -   .      ,     
~3.   -
~4.  -       -  
~5.  
~6.   
~7.  -  -.   - -  c 
~8.   -  .    
~9.   ,  
~10.  ,     
~11.     .   
~12.    
~13.    -     XII      
~14.    
~15.    
~16.     
~17.       XII      
1.6.       
1.7.     ?
1.8.      
1.9. ,     ,        
1.10.        
1.11.    -    ?
1.12.   
1.13.     

 2.    
2.1.       
2.2.   - 
2.3.  -  ,   
2.4.  ,    ,  "",  , "  ()"
2.5. ,   ,     ,       ,  ,       
2.6.  

 3.  
3.1.   
3.2.  ,  
3.3.    XVI ,   ,   
3.4.      
3.5.      
3.6.    ,   .    
3.7.      
3.8.      
3.9.  
3.10.    ""
3.11.  

 4. 
4.1. ""-  XIX  ..
4.2.   XIX     ,     
4.3. -  
4.4. -   
4.5. -  





  -    ,        -         IX-XI ,         XIV-XV ,     , ,     XIX .

         .  ,     ,          , ,       .

             ,       ,    .       , ,  .    "   "      - .

   .., ..              .

.., ..,
  , ,  2014 




1.    

       -   .    .       ,   .      -    .   ,       .                . ,     -     -  -       . -     -    -  .     -      . ,  .      ,            .           -.

       .     ,  -  ,  .

         - .  ,     :

1)  -  -  ,       .

2)    -   .

.    .. "  ", "  ",      [], [], [], [], [1]-[3].

   ,    ,       .      ,    ,     .         -.     ,   ,       .                  .       ,          .        ,   .

,        ,          .    ,  ,       .       ,        .           ,    .       .  ,      ""  ,     - .         .         " ",   " " -  ,      .  , , .      ,           .

   ,           .  ,       -   .

-         .   .

    , ,  ,  .  ,           .        . ,  , ,  ,  .   ,      ,     ,     .    .   ,    ,       .       , ,      .         .     ,    ,      , ,   ..

 -    ,    ,           .       ,  .  ,          .     ,        .          XVII ,      .

, ,        ,        ,    ,    .     .     ,   -            .     ,  ,       ,     .   ,   ,      ,           .  ,    -    -  ,      ,      ,      ,       .

       ,             .    ,        ,         .         .



2.      

        .  ,    ,       .        .           ,       .            ,         ,        .   ,  ,   .



2.1.        

       ,      .   ,          ,      .    -  ,  ,  ,  ,    .   . ,         ,   .  ,   ,         ,   ,   ,        .           ,      .   ,      ..

,   , ,                  .  ,                ,     .

 ,     ,    ,  .    ,       ,      ,    .   - , ,     ,     - . ,                 ,       - .        ,       .   -   ,    ,   ,   .   .

        .     ,     . ,    ,  ,   .           .

  ,    .  ,            .   ,     -,        .   -      ,        - .        ,          .           .





2.2.     

,   ,     ,      "" (  ).     , ,   ,   XVII  ..   - .       XVII ,           ,            .      ( )    ,         .   ,   -    - -    IX-X  ..,     .

,   ,       XVII  -  ,  - .     .

 ,   . ,          .   ,         .       ,    ,       .    ,              .  -  ,          .     ,       .   ,      .     ,      .               ,    ,        ,          .               .

,  ,          .       (  )   .    .

 ,      ,           - .  , ,     ,   ..   ,           ,   ,  .

             .      .   ,    ,  ,    .  ,    .      , -        .  ,   ,  , .             .  -         . ,   ,           .   ,  ,   ,  ,    .

      ,             .      - .           .      .  -    ,  , ,       .         .          ,  ,  ,   ,                  .   .





2.3.      

   - ,   ,   ?    ?          ?

        -           .         .

  -, -      ,       .  ,           .        -.

     ,        ,   .   ,    XII  ..,      . .   " ".

,  ,     ,   ,     ,    XII           .

 ,         ,   1000  -  I  XII  .. -          ,   .          -        .             .

     .

,      ,         ""  XIII-XIV , .   " "  [665].       "    " [665]          ",     ,    ...      ...   " [665], .3, 13.

      ,    " ",           ""  .  , ,         (,  ,        ).           ,   ,     .   , ,      .

    , ,      ,  ,   "    ".       ,      .     (     ): ",   , [ ]    []      .       (: " ",  , ,      - .)    .     ,     [  - ], :  - . [  ]              " [430],  76,  560  -. .

  ,         -    .

   -   [430]: "            .         .        :   .             " ( ).

  ,   -           .   , ,    ",   " [762:2],  354; [701],  265, .   -    19    (2   ) [947:1].          , . [947:1]  19  .. " XVI       " [665], .11.

,        -     . ,  -    19,  17 ,   - - 18 ,   "  " - 27 ,      - 26  (  -   ). . [39],  2, .358.





2.4.  -   

    ?   ?   ,      ,   . ,      . " ,        ,   " [815:0a], .5.

    .      . " ...     ;           " [815:0a], .1.

    ,             ,        .

    ,              . ,     - . ,    ,   ,    X-XI  ..

       .1.





2.5.   

  ,        .

   ,     ,       ,      .      II.    1976-1977        ,    [1275:1].        ,       . ,   II       [1025:2], .254-257.    ,        [1025:2], .383.  ,     II    .

    II    .2.  -      ,  I, .3.

     , ,    ?  - .  ,       -   ,     .                .  , ,            ,      -    .        [815:0a], .29-32,48.        .

         - . ,               - . ,    -         .        .        -      . "  (  - .)                  .    XV        ,    " [624:0], .434,        XVI         .

,        -        .              ,    -  [815:0a], .15-16.                . "     (  - .)     ...   ,     ...     " [815:0a], .9.

     -    ,  , ,  -   .  ,       -    - .    ,    ,     ,    ,          .      - ,          27-35   .           .    ,    -  - , ,  -   .

 .4      ,   ,       -      .   ,           .        XIV ,       , .1.

    ,   ,   ""        . ,       .  ,  -      -      .  ,  ,       ,   ,   . -,       ,  . -,      ,     . , ,        .  ,     ?    -       ,   ,   ,    .            .  , ""        ,     (!). "      ,    ,     .                 ,      ;     (    - .)    " [815:0a], .8.

         XVIII , [4], .177.   1771  "  ,      " [4], .177.  , , - ,                     - .

,  ,       ,   - . ,         ,    , .1.    -     .        .         ,                 .      .   .

2.6. 

~1.  

-,            ,         . ,    - .       .         -  -  ,    .   ,   , , ,    ,     .         .

       ?  ,   ,   ,        -        ?     .

,     ,     .    , ,       ,    ?   -  .          ,  ,     -.              - , , , , , , ,    ?          .          .  -    ,  ,  ,       .              .           . . .5.

   :         ,         ,     - -      .    ,     ,     , ,    ,     ,      .        -     -     , ,   .

      ,        .    -    ,       .

  ,       ,       ,       . ,     .    ,     ,     -,    . ,                     .        .       ?             ,  , ,  ,       ,  -   ?

     .   .      "   ". ., ,  .,   - (),   Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  2011  [1047:1].

    . " " ( "  " 14(293)  2002 ),           . ,        .  ""            - "", ""  ..          ,  ""       .   ,   ,        ,     ,     .  ,          ,  .  ,      XIII-XIV ,     ,  , .   " ". -       "", "", ""  ..

,    .    .  :

<<  ,             ,   .    :  -          ,            ,    :        .     ...  " "       ...

   " "  ,  ,          ,  ;   -    .

 ,     :       ,  ;            ,   ;        ...       " "?

,     ,         - ,     ,  ,      ...

,   ""             ,     -     .   - - ,    ,      ,               (!)   (     - .) ...

         ,          " ".   ..,   -      , - ,        ...

    ,                    ...   ""       ""        (, , ,   ..)!    :   ""      ,    -  ,  ""   !>>.

   , ,    ,       ,     ,     . ,  . ,   ,     -  ,  ,  ,    .. -          . ,       ,    -      :  ,      ( ).

   .  ,  ,   ,      ,    -  . ,  ,  -    .    ,  ,     .   ,      ,                   .

        ,      .     - ,   ,    ,       .  ,    .

 -     ,       -        ? ,   .  -  .





~2.   -  

  -       ,     -        , .6.        ,       .               ,     ,  ,      (      ).   ,    ,              ,   ,      . ,      .

          .  , ,    ,         ,       .  ,            .                    ,     .                 .   ,    ,    ,        ,           (  ). . .7.

  ,    ,  ,               .         ,             .             .

      .      .         .

,         ,    .     ,           .        ,      ,   -   .      . <<  "" ,     ,  ...    ...              ...          ;               ...   ...  (-),          .   ,     - .               ,           ,         ,          .         ,        ... -       ,       30 ,    50   ,    ;       [326:1], .35-36.

   ,  "    ...       ,       -     ,               ... ,              ,          >> [326:1], .35-36.

       . "          ...             -  -     ...  -          :          ,  ,              ,       " [326:1], .36-37.

 ,        ,     .    -  .

               -  .  ,     ?     ?     .  ?  -             -     .

,     ,   .   ,        ,    . "                   .            " [494:1], .643.     -   -         [494:1], .664.          ,  ,  ,     .     ,       .

       ? ,      -      . ,    ,    -       (.          ).    ,     ,     ,   ,       ,   .     ,    ,  .       ,     .  ,  .

    . "   (  - .)   ,          ,     " [815:0a], .203.

    -    -      , .8, .9.   .  ,     ,    ,   ,  .     ,      .      ,   .            .      ,   .     ,  . ,  ,   .

,            ,        -    -      . , ,  ,       "  ":  -  ,   - ,     .    . , ,   ..,               , . .5 .

,   .     .    -    .             ,            .

,       ,          .  .10     ,       XVIII .

        XVIII .   ,      ,     .     .     XX   ,      ,      .              .

       -.    .

"     ,       500 ,     ...           ...       ,     ,     ,  ,    ...    ,        (. .11 - .) ...

   ,            .         ,         ...     ,                  .      ...

 ...      ,       ,           .       ...   ,    .         ...

      18  19   ...     40  50  ...   ,      ;      ,  ,   ,          ...   50     ...       ...        ,       .   ,      ,     ; ,  ,        " [815:0a], .25-47.

,      ,    ,        .   ,          XVII-XVIII .





~3.          

             -   ,   ,     ,         -         ,      .   ,    .           .

   .

 ,    ,   ,   .    ( )   .  ,          . ,          -     ,   -  .                ,   .

         .      ,    ,     .    -   , ,    ,   .  ,    ,        ,  ,  .      ,     .     ,       .

 ,      .  , ,       .    -        -       [119:1]. ,   ,            . ,   ,   -   .

        .       ,          .         [815:0a].   ,    ,         ,     ,    . ,        ,   ,            .  ",       ,      ,         ...   ,           " [815:0a], .30.    ,      .

     ,     ,        1    (15   ).   -    1 .          ,     .       ,    .    -,   -    1 .         , .   "  "  "  ".

,    ,   ,      ,    XVI  ..       .      1993          , . [3],        600  1300  ..   -    ,   .             , . [3], [].

  ,       .   1799      ,    ,  ,        ,     .  .12      " ",     XVIII . ,      " "      , , ,   .. [1100:1], .686-741.    ,          .  .13      ,       XVIII .





~4.       -    ,   

-,           .

  .

   ,   ,        .      -   ,    , ,    .              .   ,                , , .

   ,    ,     .  ,      , -      :  ,  ,  ,       ?

 ,            .                  .

    ,  - ,    .

,     ,    , ,     ,     -     .                          .     .

           ,   -                   ,     .    ,            . ,     ,    ,     :   ,   .   ,   .

  , ,     -.    ,              .  ,       -         .      .

 ,           .  ,   ,          .

  .

 1.     ,     ,     -. ,    ( )   ,         ,    .

 2.       ,  ,         "" ,   ,    .   -  -,   ,   ,     .   ,    -  ,  ,   .  ,  -           . .     "  ", "  ", "  ".

  ,                 (Samuel Bowels),    [1047:1]. .           ,        ,     -  .     ,  ,       ,       .             . .   [1047:1].





2.7. 

~1.      

                .     ,           .

 ,       .   ,   .

  ,            .       ,         .         ,     .

        -  . ,      ,             .

 -         ?

,       ,       ,   .        ,        ,   . ,          .       .  , ,         .

    ,  ,      ,     .

       :            ?       .   ,   ,       .        -   .          ,            ,    .

 ,         .        ,        .    .

,            .  ,   ,         .

,     ,             .   -   ,   ,  .

,      .          .      ,          .

  ?         ,     ? ,            .          ,         .

      .     ,   ?   .      ,   - , , -  (. ).     ,   ,      ,     XIX .          .

 .14       ,   .   ,         .

     ,     .    ,  , ,        ,   ,  .          .

       .     .15         2008 .   ,          .      2008      0,4   .           ,    -  ,      .          ( )   2008    1,8   .

,  .

-      ,  ,  ,      .

-         .

-  ,       ,  , - .


~2.         

  ,         ,      . ,            . ,       16,8  ,    ,       XIX-XX , . [988:00],  "".

   ,  ,      XIX      "   ( - .),         .  ,      , -    " [988:00],  "".        , -,   . ,        .

          .16.

~3.   

          .    ,      ,   ,         ,         -   .

     !     [988:00],  "".  ,     ,             , .17.    -           -     (    )   .

  ,     . ,     ,       -   ,   .    : "          ,      " [988:00],  ".

,      ,         -   ,         -       ,    .        . , , -       ? ,  ,          . ,     III   ..        [988:00],  ".

 ,  ,          .          ,    .            .

,  ,   ,             .       .  , ,           .  : "          , ,  (!? - .),     " [988:00],  ".

,  ,             "",    "",   .

  ,   ,      :

1)    , 

2)     .

          .         -  ,   .  -   " ".   (  )     .    -          .  ,        ,   . ., , [988:00],  "".

  "" -         -        ,   .          .   ,  ,  , . . ,   ,         -      -  .         XIX  [988:00],  "".

         [988:00],  "". ,      .           .      ,         .  -,  ,   ,     .     ,         -      . ,       ,  ,   "",   "" [498:1], .75. ( -    ?       ,    - .) . [988:00],  "".    ,    .      .  ,   ,  ""       ""   -   I-II  .    [498:1], .75-76.   ""            .

      ,          ,  -,    , ,   ,      .         . -,           .   ,       550    ,    III  II   ..   -     [498:1], .37; 51, 60-65.  ,       . , ,          0,4 - 3,6    ( - "  ").

    -    ,     -     .         ,        ,       .    .

,           ,     .      .      .

, ,   ,      -      -         .      -  ,     -   ,      .   ,      ,      .

        XVII ,      ,  ,    .           ,     XX ,    .

        .

,               ,     XVII    "  "   ( )   .    : "         ,        (    XIX  - .)" [988:00],  "".   -   ,   "  "    XVII . .   " ".

       XVII     -         ,   . ,           "   " X-XIII .            . ,   ,    -    XVI  -         . .   "  " [-4]  " ".

             ? ,   ,                ,   .       , -        .    ,   .        ,   ,       ,      .   XVIII       ,     "  " 1741-1748 .              . ., , [988:00],  "    ".

 .18, .19, .20     .     .     1717-1737 ,     , ,   ,     -, .20.            .  ,            ,       .

, ,             .  ,   ,     , ,      , .21, .22, .23.  ,        ""     , .24.      ,    ""   , .24.         , .25.    -    ,        , .25.    ""     ,     .            (  ) ,   -  (    ),    "".





~4.       .

   ,  ,       .   , ,       ,   [669]. ., , " " ,  34,  9,  8-12. ,      - ,   . ,         ,   [498:1], .39.   ,         .         .  ,  : "    ,       ,          ,       ...        " [669],  34,  10,  10-12.

,    ,    ?   -  "   ". ,          ,         [988:00],  "". ,        .   -  ,   .         ()  ,   , .26. ,       ,     ,    .       ,      .        -, .26.       ,          .  ,     : "                        .   ( , . [988:00] - .)  ,    ( ,  - .)    " [669],  34,  10,  13-14.

,   ,  ,       ,     .        ,  .          ,   ?

,          .  , ,   ,  ""      ,   .     ,   XIV-XVI  .. .   "      ". ,    -       -     . ,   XV-XVII          .     "" [806:1], .75.

   "" ,      () -   12  ,       .  ,  ,   ,    , .   "- :   ?",  2.    - "".

 ""       . "         -    III ...   (   III - .)           -   " [806:1].
2.7. 



~5.     -  

    ,    , ,  ,    ,  XIV-XVI      .   - -.       -        .   ,  ,  .   .   ,    .

 -   ?    -  ,     .  ,          .   -   ?

 ,   -    .     "" ,       "" [988:00],  "".   ,        (    )  ,   -  .    : " ,   " [148:1], .2, .345.

      ,  ,    ,    ,    - .

, ,  -  ,   -   , , ,  -  .    ,   -      .   ,    ,        ,   ,   ,   -  ,   XIV-XVI      -  - , ,   ..

             .  ,      , ,  ,         .

          ,      -       -   ,   XVII    ( )    - XIV-XVI    .      ,  , ""   -   . .   " ".

 ,         ,           -   .    ( )   .  ,         " ",   ""     . ,   ,      , .   "  (  )"  "".     ,       -         . .    .. "400  ".

 ,       ,           ""  .   ,   ,      .   - ,        .

,      , -       - .    XV-XVI ,      -     - , ,      " " [617:1].

,  ,  : <<,    (..   XVII ,      - .)  (Charioni),    ,     ,         ,       ,      ,         ( ,  "" -   "",  : - - .) ...

      ,  ...  ,  ,  ...

      ...            ,  ,      .           .          ...      ,      .  ...    ...    ,                ...       -,      .     .  ,   ,      -: " ,     ?" ... "   ?    ?   ?   ?   ?      ?" ...     : "         ?"     : "        .  ,     ,  .   ,   ,      ,     ".  ,       : "   ...",    ...     ,    II (      1458-1464 , ,   ,       -   ,   , .   "" - .),        ,     "" ...

 ,   ,      ,          ... >> [617:1], .56, 59, 61, 67,"

 ,        - ()   .  ,      . ,    ,   XVI  XVII , -          .

       ,         .  ,   -,      , . [988:00],  -. ,   1335  ..    "      .       " [988:00],  "".

   -   ?

,  ,    . ,  " ". ,     ,     ,   .  ,          .

   ,         . , , ,    XIII ,         XVI    : "   (   1558-1564 . - .)  1806      " [988:00],  "".   ,        -,     XVI .    .  ,     ,    ,      XVII .        ,   1612-1619 .   -         - , .   " ".  : " ,   ,  ,    ,     " [988:00],  "".     ,    II  (1619-1637), -    ,    . "   (  - .)   ,      II          (. Tschiscgha, "Der Dom zu W.", , 1832; Perger, "Der Dom zu s. Stephan", , 1854)" [988:00],  "".

     -  1612 ,       .   -         ,    ?

         .   . ,        XX        (!?).

 ,       - .      .  ,  - ,   XX .  -      .

 ,        (.27)        ,      ,        ,  , .28.    ,     .  ,        ,      XIII-XVI .    ?   , ,   .   ,   "  ",      " "   ? ,  ,    ,   .    ,      2005 ,        -              -    ,        .           ,       ,   ?

 ,   1612 ,       ?     ,   ,  ?  XVII-XIX          ,   ,       . . .29, .30, .31, .32, .33, .34.        ,    ,     ,       .       ,       .      , ,  ,   .

         .          ,    XVII    ,    XVII .  ,    ""   - . ., ,   " ",     "   ". ,     ,     .     .        XVII-XX   " "    .

   -   ,     .  ,  -   ,       ,      .       -, ,   ,         -  .

  . ,         -     ,  ""    "".    ,   ,         - XVIII  - .  "  " -     ,  ,   . ,       . ,   -    (!?) [716], .12.     -      -!

 ,   , ,   ,     XVIII            ,    ,   ,       . -     ,    "" .  .

 "  " -   , ,  ,  ,  .       : "   (       - .)     (    XVI  - .),   ,   ,          ,     ,           ,        " [617], .38. (           ,   1722 .)





~6.   

            .             .

 .  ,   ,            - , ,     - "  "      ( ) "    " -              .      ,       [988:00],  "", "".    -          .  ,      . ,      ,  ,  ,     ,    : "               " [988:00],  "".   ,   ,      [494:1], .379.         .                 ,   ,         ( ,     ).

       ,          . ,              10 (!)    . "     ,                10-  ;  ...   1:10    1:13,3" [988:00],  "". "       ... ,    1:12 - 1:13,5.         1:14 ...        1:12,5,  ( - .) - 1:10" [988:00],  "".           1:10 - 1:13 [988:00] (.  ). " 1621  1660 .    1:14,    " (.  ).

,                ,   ,   .            -  .      ,       ,   .

    ,                 ,    -          .             .

   ,         .   ,    XVII  ,  ,  - .  ,    ,     - -   ,    .   XIII        - , .1.       .   XVII  ..      , .1.

-,            ,       .         .          .     -     -    .             .    . ,             ,   .

        ,  ,       .   ,    ,      . ,    ,         , .35.         . "  ,   ,        " [494:1], .379. ,     (, )             [494:1], .332-333; 352-353.

 ,  "           " [988:00],  "".

  ,   ,     ,   -  - , .1. ,   ,    ,   ,   .         .       XVII    .       . "      " [988:00],  "".   ,          .   ,     .  XIV-XVI           -    -   . .     ""  "- :   ",  5.

   ,            ,   -.   -   ,   .

  -,    ,            .        -       "  ",         .   , " " -  -  XIV-XVI   ,    ,   .





~7.   .  

   ,      ,  , -,       , . [494:1], .352-353,       - . . .14,   .16  .4 .  ,    -       .   ,   ,   ,    XIII  XIV  ..,       .     ,     .

           :

"        ...            ,       ( ).           ...

    ,         ( ,    ) ...     (  XIX  - .)       .        ,    ( ),   , ,   , , , ,   ;        .        -  ,    , ,   . (..   -  - .).         (          - .)" [988:00],  "".

 XIV-XVI  ..,   ,   ,    -  (.1),   ,    ,  ,     . ,      ,       ,     ,     [807:00], [467:1].   ,       .

,      ,               .        - ,    ,       .         .

 ,   ,         ,  XVIII  ..  -    -        ,   1613 .   ,   ,      XVIII ,   "", .   "  " [4]  "  .  - ".

     ,      XIV .      XVII     ""   XVIII           ,    '   .      . .   .

,  ,   ,      ,    ,       .     ,             .   , , : "      " [807:00], .125.

        ,    -        ,  "   ",  .         (,   ?)    [467:1], .48.   ,                            .     ,      .

, ,          "         ... (     )   ,    " [467:1], .26.

"  ,   1771 ,     ,          .  ,        1         5 " [467:1], .15.

       . ,  "   ...           " [467:1], .13.

""     ""  "".      I-II     [467:1], .31, 48.    ?        - .

, ,              [490:2],  4,  69-70;  5,  627, 750 ., 937;  6,  37;  7,  11-12  ..     -      ,       ().       . .  2.5   "  ".

,   -   .       ,    (2 . 4:47; 12:29-30;    3:11).        .   ,    -        .  ,    ,   .   ,   ""  "" ,  ,    ""     ,   "".   ",     ".       - ,   XVI    -  XVI      ""    : "" = "".  ""      "". .      ,      "  " [4].

 ,     -,         , ,    ,   .      , - .   -      XIV-XVI ,   .

,        ""   ,  "   ,        " [467:1], .46. ""           ,  .. "       1770 " [625:3], .II, .1, .150; .  [467:1], .31.  ,         .

 ,            - . <<          ...           ( ,  ,     - .)    ;  ,     "",     >> [467:1], .23.

     ,             . ,   "" -   "" (  ) -         . ,  XIX          -.            ?             ? ,      -     -     XVIII - XIX        [807:00], [467:1].

 ,  ,  ""  ,        . , , .    "    ",   " "  1819 , : "    ,    ,         ,   ,     ...   ,  15  ,       ,     " [807:00], .142-143.  ,  "     32      ,    ,  ,   " [467:1], .32.

            3  (!) .    ,        ,   .       .

,    ,              XIV-XVII ,    , .1.      XVII        - " ".  ,          '   , .   "  " [4]  "  .  - ".

-  ,    XVIII    ,     1774 .         -       .               "     ".      ,  "",    "  ".            . .     "  " [4]  "  .  - ".

  ""  1774 ,        .            .           ,           .     ""   .           ,       -  ,             .       .      .  -       -       .    ,  ,   - XVIII  ..

,  ""      "" -  .      . .    "  .        ".





~8.             XIX 

   .

  ""     -   .   .      .     "     "   XVIII - XIX  [467:1].   ,          ,       .      , -,   XIII-XIV        .      XVII    ,    ,   .          XVIII                .       .

     XVIII       ,      XVIII-XIX . ,  ,      ,  , .     .      .          ,            (!).           XX  [988:00],  "".      1850 ,   1848         ,              [988:00],  "".



     ( )    ( )

1741-1760    800   246100

1761-1780   1970   207050

1781-1800   2610   177900

1801-1810   1660   177780

1811-1820   3140   114450

1821-1830  33750   142160

1831-1840  70495   202890

1841-1850 225150   547590



. [988:00],  "".

   , ,   1811  -  ,   35    ""        -         .       ,   10,   20,     100(!) .    XVIII           0,5 - 2 ,    XIX         .

    ,                "".   -  1774 .  , ,   ,       .      35 .   .       ,  ,  ,    .  ,     ,  ,         .      ,             1810 .  ,       ,    35 .     ,  ,      .





~9.    XIX 

       ,   1820-1830-      "  ".  ,    .

" 1825  -   ..         ,     ...  1830    ...         ...  1832  ...    ..    ...   , ,     ...  1834    . 19  1833               ...        , , .       ,    ...  1833-1834        ...         .       1835-1838  ...       ...                     ...     -   .. ...  1839   .  -    ,     .  1840    43    , ,   .       " [957:0].

"             100  800-850      .      40-50-   .  1847  119     1305  ,   90      " [957:0].

   -    - XIX ! -       ,   ,      XIX ,       ?  -  ,    !    ,     XVIII  -        (      ).         .   .

  ,          XIII-XIV          .           XIV-XVI .   XVII        .        - , .   " ", " ", "  ".   ,           .       -   ,      '   .       , , ,   .       XVII-XVIII    " ".    ( )   .

 XVIII             -       .  ,  ,      ,          .  -  . .     "  .  - ".

 1774             .     -     ,   .    35   ,           .             .      ,              .

     -    ?    ,          .  ,       ""   ,      .    ,  -     ?

               "". ,        -   .

""       ,     .    ,   -  ,       .    .





~10.          XVIII 

    .       ,     .

  .    XVII ,        ,             .  ,          1679               .          -     .    ,   [807:00], .144-151. ,     .,      : "    (    - .)   ,   1679   29              ,     ,      ,    ,        " [807:00], .127-128.

   ,      ,     , -          ?

   ,   " "          (       !).    XIX     , , ,    , .   . ,       .

,   XVIII   ,           -      -       .

  ,    XVIII  -      .    -  ?  -  . , ,      ,     1745       , "         .    (1745-1753 .) ...    400  (!? - .)" [973:2], .14.   -  1800        261  .    ! . [973:2], .14.

         .   1714       (!)        [973:2], .10.      -   1719 ,    (!)     1714 . ,  30 (!)  "    ...    " [973:2], .10.  ,  29 ,  1719  1747 ,      18,4  ,      600    [973:2], .11.     ""   .   XVIII         15-30    [973:2], .11.    !

  ,     XVIII     ,  -          ?  ,     " "? ,     .     XVIII              .    ,  ..,   1748   2000   , -            .      .       [973:2], .10.

   , ,  , , ,  "  ",  XVIII         .      .     XVIII  , , ,    ,       .         .

    .     . "         .                  ...               ...            ...      " [973:2], .20-21.        ,  ,      .. [973:2], .15.      .

                  XVII    XVIII  -      ,                -    .    ?

  ,   .     ,   1774       .  -       .

   1774 ,         .   -  ,      .    ,          1750-1780      . ,   ,        . ,      XVIII   , ,    .   ,    ( )     -    "".      - ,    1750 .   -       "" [973:2], .11,14.

,       .      XVIII       , ,  "   ",   1737   . ,      I,     : "         ,    ,   ,    ... " (.  [492:1]).

   ?  . , ,   -   , ,         " " (!).             ,   1761  ..               [973:2], .15.  ,         , ,   .     .

,              !          .         . ,   ,   .               ,          , ,    .         .

  ,    XVIII ,      ,     ?  .  ,         (  "" ),   ""     .   -     . ,    -       .      .

,   ,        ,      ,   << ""    >> [492:1]. ,     XVIII     .

,    ,           (     ).    , ,    -    ,    ,       .        ,     ,   ,   XVIII           -  .    .

   ,        1679        ,         XVIII .    - ,      .

   ,  .,       " "  1819  [807:00],    ,    .          [807:00], .127-128; .144-151.

2.8.    

~1.   

 ,       ,      : ,    .  ,      ,   ,    (   )     ,   .  : "   ,                " [988:00],  " ".

  ,     .      ,   .   ,  ,    ,    ,   . "      " [988:00],  "".   ,      ,    ,      .            -       [494:1], .344 -        ,   ,   ,    . ,  ,    ""  ,    ,     .   -    .    .    "      ,      " [988:00],  " ".





~2.   - ,      

      ,       . "            ,     -  " [988:00],  " ".

   ,  ,      .  -   ,             . ,     ,           .

,          , .16.  -  [494:1], .319-333. .    : " ,       ...  ,                ...  ,   ,    ,                " [494:1], .319, 335.

          [494:1], .320-329.  ,     XIV-XVIII  ..,          - .

   -    [494:1], .335.       .   . ,    ,    -      -   .           ,   - .       , -,   .   ,         , .16.  -       ,    [494:1], .335.

.    "     "         . "                  ...       ,               .            (  , ,  -  ),    ,    ...       ...     1083    ...            700-800   .                    ,      ,    ...  ,   ,   ...   (    - .) ...   ( . - .),           ...     ...      ,   ,     " [494:1], .335.

 , .   ,        .

. : <<   ...  ,    .     ... ,      ,               ...   ...  "  ,       ".       ...      ,     .   ,   -                    ...   ,              (. .36) ...   ,     , ,         .     ...         ...           500  700   .      ,    -    ,    ,  .        ...    ,      87 (  )        135.          100  800>> [494:1], .338.

 ,        ,    . ,    ,    ,    .        . "     ,    ,    .               " [494:1], .338.

     ,     ,       .  ,      , , .   ,        (     ), ,     .       ,       (!)  ,             -      .   ,        ,       .      , .   "  .        ".

 ,           ,  XIII-XVI   ,      2002-2004     , .   "  ", "    ", ",    ".     ,  ,     ""-     -        ,    ,     . . .37, .38, .39, .40.

  ,     -         ,     - .  .     ,      .  ,   - ,  ,   . ,                      (     ).  ,        , .41.      .

        []      ,                ,   ,    XI-XV   .  , " "       . ,    -    .         .

,  -   -     .       ""-   .         . ., , .42, .43.    .           .   ,        ,       .      -   -   XIX ! .     "  " []. ,         , .44, .45, .46, .47, .48.

 , ""  -  , ,     - -            .          ""  .

 , ,      -            ,     ? ,        .  .49, .50, .51, .52. ,   ""     ? ,     ,       , .53.      . ,   ?  "  "?      .     .

  -      ,       ?             ?     ,   ,       .   ,      -        ,      .

,       ,   ,      - ""  .

,      . "    ,        (,  XXX   ..);   , -        , -        ,       " [245], .27,  23.

  . ,             .    ,   , ,     "",   " ".  ,   ,            ,            , . .41 .      -       .   ,  ,   ,      ,              ?

,           ,    ,   .  -    ,   . "   ...      : ,  ,    ,    ,    ....  ...     ...        ...   ,       ,         ,    " [494:1], .369-370.

 ,         ,      .      ,          - .       . : <<            XXV  (712-663   ..),       .         ...          , ,    ,   ...       "       ,   ">> [494:1], .370.

              ,               -    - ,  ,    . . : <<    ,         ...          ...   , ,              .            ,      ...     ,      ,            .         ,          ...    : "...        ,   (  - .) ">> [494:1], .367.

 ,  " "  ,       .      :         ,   .

   ,          ,     .     ,             .             -   XV  .. -        . .   "  .        ".





~3.   ?

  ,         .      .   .    "  .        ",    .

     . ,    -            . ,            -      .   ,              . ,    ,          .           ?     ,       -  ? .

,     . ,                . ,          . ,         ,          ,   750 (!) .

    ,   ,         ,          .  ,   ,         ,     . ,    .   ,      -  ,   ,  .

 ,      ,   .         .      ,      .       ,        .  ,      ,      ,     ,  .               ,    XV-XVI    (   1517       ).       ,      XVI-XVII .          XX     .   ,    ,      [1089] - [1092:1].

 ,             .             .     .          ,          .    ,        ,  ,              .
~4.    ?

 ,   (   )     .       " ".    ,   ""       .        " "  , , ,        XV-XVI . ., , .54, .55, .56.

             .   ,    " " ,   ,   ,      .   , "       ,      " ([245],    ),    " ",  .

"...          ...      -   .   ,   , ,   ,      ,  ,   ..   , ,      .       ,              .    ,          ...     ,  .  ,     ,    .  ,     ,  ,  , ,   ,   " [245], .17-18.

,     ,  ,    ,     ,  , "      " [988:00],  "".  ,  ,     ,     -     .  ,   -     .     . , ,        .   ,       .    !

        ,     XVI-XVII     ,  .    ,          ,    - . ,       .         ,     .  ,      ""-       ,      ,      .  , ,          ,     .

   .   ,          .    " "  ,    ,        .     XII-XVII .

 ,   ,      (  )   -   X-XII  ..  ,    .  , ,      ""  XIII-XIV  ..,   .   : "   -  ,  , - , ,     -  ...      , . . " [988:00],  " ".

~5.           ,   

 ,     ,  ,  , -.    ,  , ,  [494:1], .205-207.            [494:1].    -        ,         (.1),    .       .  -         -            .   , -,            .               ,  .

     ,           .    ,   XII  ..    .    ,     .   ,        .        ,       .  ,         ,       .        , .   " ".  ,   ,  XII  ..    .   1185  ..    , .   " ".   -        ,      " " (" " -), .  .57, .58, .59, .60, .61, .62, .63.  .64    ,      (Iero)     " " - .

,   ,            ,       -     . ,       XII  .. ,      XII .      , -,    XIII-XIV  -   , .   "  ".

" ,       ,   ,   ,       ,   ... ,   ,     ,         ...        ( - .)      1530  ;       .   XIV  ...     ,     " [494:1], .204-205.

  ,  ,  ,    ,    . ,      XIV  ..,   , ,      .

  ,  ,  ,   . ., , ,    "      " [494:1], .205.     ,      [494:1], .205. ,  ,          , ,         .  , ,     .

            ..  : "              ( 2 ),          ,  .             ...  -  ,       ...           ,    ...      ...            .  -  . -       ...        " [494:1], .205.

 ,   ,  ,  ,    XIII  ..       ,  ,    .  ,  ,   .

  ,   XIII     ,  ,   ,   .
2.9.    ""   XIII-XIX 

~1.  . -   " "  .    -     

  XIII   -          .        ,  ,      XIII   ..

     -,     ,       .   -  -,  .    - ,   , , ,    (      ).   -      -  ,       ( )   ( ).      ,   "" . .  ,      " .   ", "  ", "  .        ?".

    ,   XIV  ..  -   ""      .   ,  ,   ,             .        -            : ,  ,   ..   , ,       ,        ,           ,       ,         . .       "- :   ", "  ", " ", "    ".

  ,   -  -     -       .       -  ,     .         .

          ,     ,  -    .  ,      . .  ,      " ".

 XIII-XIV      ,  , .   " ".      ,   "",   - "".            (    ).             - "", "   ".      ,    .    .    ,    .   ,     .  ,     ,          .         ,  ,   XIX  .,     : "  .        ,    ,              .    -,  ,  ,  -.     " [285:1],  2, . 295.

 . , , , , ,  -    , "", "" ,         ,  .  ,    "".   -     .    ""  ,   ,     XIV      ,         -    , , ,     ,    .  ,         ,     -    -   . ,   ,     .    ,   -        ,  ,    -       .             .     ,  ,    . .   " ".

 .65, .66, .67, .68          .      ,           .  ,          !  ,   ,    ,   -     ,              .     -          "" -     -,      [804:1], .84. . .69, .70.

   -   ,      ,   .  -   ,    "",  " ".        ""    , .71.   ,   "" -    "" (   -    ).

       ,      -   .           .  ,    ,   ,   ,     (""),    -,    ,          .    ,   ,  -    ,          .    XIII-XV  ..    ,       .

  , , ,   ,  " " (  - )    "  ",    ,     ,            .  -    -   XIII - XIV  (  )    ,      .

~2.    XIV      XV         .  ""    

 ""     .  ,                =  ,   .   - " " -   ""     1380      ,   .

        =     .       ,   ,     -  .   -  -  35 , .72. .     " ".

            (,     , .   " ".          ,         , .   " ".

   ,       ,     -       .        .         ,         ,        .        XV  ..              .            .      -    " " -  :   , -,  , .   " .  "" ".     " ".  -       ,       ()  XVII-XIX .

     XV            ,   .

 ,    -        -   " "     . ,   ,   .   . ,  " "     -     XIV     1380 .   ,   "",     -  1380  ..   XV  (  ).

,  1380           .    XV          -  .

   .    XV              -.       1430  ..  -  (-)   (),                     - " ".

-  ,   ,   ,    .

  -        .   -        - .

  -  1430 , -           .    -      .       .

,          , -       , , -,         .

 - --   .      -   XV ,      ,   "".   -  -      .   --     ,       .   ,  II   1453  ..   ,          -   .       .  ,        ( )     -  (  )  .       .             -       XV -  XVII .      -   ,       , , .         XVII . .   " ", "-", "  ".

      ,    -  XVI  -   - ( )   II ,               , .   "-".

~3.    

          -     ,            .     XV             . ,      ,  " "     .

   ,     ,    XV -  XVI , ,    .       -    ""          (     ).

   XVI   -  .  1517       ("")   ,         ""- ,            .      ,             .              .

 1799          .        ,     .     -    -            ,      .    1881  , ,     ,  ,       ,    . ,       36   [2:0], .76.    1881     ,  ,       .   , ,      "  ",         ,        : " ,       ,        ,      ;     ,      ,       " [2:0], .76-77.

      ,       .     ,       -   II - ,     , .  2.5 .  ,          ,    .         .            () XVII-XVIII .   ,       .        .

3.    - 

3.1.      

 ,             . ,         .       ,            .         .

 ,  ,            " ",      . "    -   ,     ,       ,  ,     ,             -   - ,           ,  ,       " [848:0], .290.

    ,   ,    ,          XIV-XVI  ..,          . .   "".                      .         ,         . ,        " "    XVII , .   "".

"    (, ,   )    (   - .) ,  ,         ...   XII        (     , ,       .. - .)         ... ,               ,  ,         ...     ,     ,     .    ...     ...   ...  ,            -" [848:0], .290-295.

  ,        ,    .      -     .           .  ,   XX ,            , ,  ,       .

  -    -  -      " -   ",    . .     [1].

,    :     ,        ?         [1],     ..       ,     chronologia.org.   ,       ,  ,         ,    .      -   -            -  - ,    . ,  ,          .

     ,            XIX . ,         -.        .         ""-  [].       XII-XIX   ,       .             2   ..,          -    .   , ,     XI  XIV   .

3.2.    

 ,    ,         .                     (  ).     .

"            ...   ...       ...           ,    ,   .     ...   365 " [848:0], .282-283.

   "  "     ,     ,  365-   "  ,      ()" [848:0], .284.   "                 ...  ()  ...     ...   ...  ()     1460 " [848:0], .284.

 -  ""       ""   .  -  "   "      -    "-"   .    XX  - .   .

1)             , , ,   -     ,        .

2)       1460 ,  "     4241   .." [848:0], .285.

, ,   -   ,    ,         - 4241   ..?  .   XX  <<.. ,       4241   ..  ,  , ",         ,      ( .. - .) ...            .. (4241   ..)".           " "  .>> [848:0], .285-286.    - "        (  ""        4241   .. - .), ., .           >> [848:0], .285-288.

      .

,    ,      5-   ..,       -  ,    .     , "" ,         ,    .                4241   ., (,  ),  2781   ..,  1321   ..,  139  ..,  1599  ..  .. (  ..      ,    "" ,     ).

,          ,     .    ,  ,   . ,         ,    4241   ..    " ".  ,      .      ,   , ,  ,    1599   .

      . ,   ,         " ",  , -, ,        .   -               .     .   ,   .     .  .

-,  ,    ,                     .        1460      .       .         .  ,          .

 ,              .      ,    ,                 . << ,   "   "   ,           ...        .  XXI     ... "       ,     ...   ,       ...    ...  ,          (     - .).   ...           ,  ...       ">> [848:0], .286-287.

                ,  ,    .  ,     ,   ,        (  )  139  .. [848:0], .287.  -   -                 139  ..         ,  ,   1460 ,  , , " " .      ..     :  ,   , ,  -,  4241    , , ,    . ,  ,    !

  ,   ""         .          .      .

 ,                ,     ,      .

,   ,               ,        .         ,       .

 ,          -     , . [704], . 139-140, 80, 216, 311, 326, 340. ,   ,  ,      , , ,            -   .

             .  - 28  1228 , .     "".

,  1228    -             ,     .

  -     1228 ,  ,  232   .. (  ),   1460  ?  -       1460   ?  .  , ,         ,         X  .., . .  , XIII      ,          . ,  ,       ,      " " XIV .

, ,         .    .  ,    :     ?          ?          ?      -      -  -    ?      .       ,      .               .         " "     .    -       .           .

    ,        ,  .

 ,    ,  ,    - .           .

,      - ,    ,  " "             .         -  -   -    ,    ..

3.3.      " "   

      -     .      ,   XIX          ,  .               , .73.

 2002          . ,      20  1185    [].

        .      " ",     ,      -  ,   7-  ,   ,   22  1185  ..,   .  ,     .  , "" -     , . .

,       .       ,  ,     (     ).    -    "" .   ,      ,      ,     - ""  ""  ,      22-26  1168  ..     17   ,    .    ,    , ,  -     .

      ..,     .

"       (!!)      ;   -   ,    ,       (14-36 .  ),     -   ( 69 .).           ,     .

  , , , , ,     ,       (    - .)    III   .     :            ,  ,     -  . ,     ,  ,   ,       " [544],  6, .651.

      ,          ?      .

     ,  " "      .  ,      , ,   -,    -   .

    .    ,     ,    ,        [208:1], [208:2].            ,   ,        . ,   :

<<  ...    ,        ,       , : "    ,        ".  , . ,        (),   , ,  ,     ,  ,            >> [208:1], .6.

, ,      ,   -     "  "          .  ,   , -   .      , ,  .   .

<<    .   . - ",   ," -   - "    ,      ,    .          " -  . ,          . "   ,    " -  . - "      ,    ,     .     ,     ." ... "" -  . - "         ,       ,   ,  ,    ,     ,   ,   ,     ?">> [208:1], .7-8.

      -         ,     " ", .124. -  .    .

,     ,    " " XIX ,    .    ,   ""       .       - . ,   ,  " "    .   : " .     ? ...     .    ,           ...,     ...,     , '  ,     " [208:1], .10-11.

  ,        .            ,    . ,        " ",     .     ""!

         ,  ,        ""-            (!).    ,              ?

    ,          -.         .      -  .      ,   ,    .

  ,            .    ,   ,    ,     ,   ""  "".   ,   , ,  "" , ,          ,   ,   .       "",   "",     .

    . ,     ,       . , ,  ,            ,         . , ,    ,       .   ,     ,   " " [1100:2].

,  ,  ,    ,    .   ,                   .

     :          "" (),    ,      ,     ?

           2006 .       ,     ,      .

,     !

      - .     - - ,        .

 .74            (   "  "),         .  .75  .76        .      .

          ,       (S.Cauville) [1062:1].  .77        .  ,        .     " "     , .78, .79.

   ?   .

-      , ,            ,    " ", .79. ,    .         ,   ,    .

-      -  -    ,      ? -      ,    .         ,    ,       .        .   ?    -   .           .    -        " ". ,          ,     " "   ,  "" ,          .  -   .

                   .   ,  ,         ,   "" ,    .         .      ,   ""  .     "  "  " "   .

3.4.     

   ,       " "  -    -  ,        .  ,        ,   .   ,           -     .  -       -      ,     ,    .              .    .

   (  )   -                .       <<   "">>, "  ", "  ", "    ", ",    ", "".

              ,       .

   [3]      1991-1993     ..      . ,  ,  ,         II  ..        , ,           ,          .   -   VII  ..  ,    ,      ,  ,    X-XII . ,          ,     .     ,   ,   .    ,     1228  .. -  ,    .            ,  ,  ,      ,  XVI-XVII  ..

   "  "     2001-2003             - .      '     - X-XV   .

 ,      ,       ,    XII-XIV  ..

, ,   ,   - ,    X   .  ,       XIII-XIV  ..  XV              .    , -  ,         XIX  (!). . .80.

,    ,     XV    ,          , ..              ,  ,  .  XVI-XVII       ,    , .81. .   "    ", ",    ", "".

3.5.              

       ,     ,     ...  [3].  ,  ,                .

     [3]  .

  ""      600     1300   .        - IX-XI   .

     II  ..,    ,   ,   .         ,      . , ,            "" ,       ,        .  ,             "" ,   .

 ,            . ,   -       .

3.6.    

 2002       "  ",              -  ,      ""- .   ,         .    -     ,      .

     :     . ,  -!

,          XII-XIII    []. . .80 .   ,    ,    ,    . ,    ,    -   XII , .   " " [].   ""-  XIII-XIV  -    .    .

   ,        -     -. .     "  ", "    ", ",    ", "".

,          40    .     ,   :

1)   I, "SP", , ,  : 969  (14-16 )  1206  (5-7 ).

2)  , "MT", : 1007  (14-16 ).

3) ""  , : 1007  (14-16 ).

4) ""  , : 1007  (14-15 )  1186  (14-15 ).

5)   , "SN", , : 1007  (14-16 ).

6)  , "KZ", ,  (): 1071  (15-16 )  1189  (30-31 )  1308  (6-8 ).

7)   IV, "RC", , ,  : 1146  (15-16 ), 1325  (16 ).

8)   , "SX", , : 1148  (17-18 ).

9)   IX, "RD", , ,  : 1148  (16 ).

10)   , "AE",  (   ): 1151  (25 ).

11)   , "RG", : 1166  (17-28 ).

12)   , "DL", , : 1168  (22-26 ).

13)     VII, "OU", , ,  : 1182  (5-8 ).

14)   , "DR", , : 1185 ( 20 ).

15)  " ", "LK", : 1221  ( 14 ).

16)    ,  , "P1", ,  : 1227  (5 )  1667  (2   ).

17)  , "BG",     (,      ): 1228  (28 ).

18)     , "AV", ,  (): 1230  (15-16 ).

19)    ,  , "P2", ,  : 1240  (24-25 )  1714  (2   ).

20)     , "AN", ,  (): 1268  (9-10 ).

21)   , "GA", : 1284  (8 ).

22)  " ", "NB", : 1285  (31  - 1 )  1345  (29-31 ).

23)   VI, "RS", , ,  : 1289  (4-5 )  1586  (20-21   ).

24)    , "EB", , : 1394  (31  - 3 ).

25)    , "EM", , : 1404  (6-8 ).

26)    , "BL", : 1495  (15 ).

27)   , "GP", "" : 1513  (17-21 ).

28)    , "PD", , : 1524  (7 ).

29)   , "PG", , : 1526  (9 ).

30)   II   , "DP", : 1546  (28   1 ).

31)   , "LV", : 1638  (12-17   ).

32)   " ", "RZ", : 1664  (8-9   ).

33)        , "ZP", , : 1670  (24-30   ).

34)   ', "FR", , : 1680  (19   ).

35)  -, "OL",     (),  .: 1700  (2   ).

36)      , "FA", : 1741  (5   ).

37)  , "FZ", , : 1741  (3-4   ).

38)     , "RP", , :   - 1781  (23-25   );  , " ",    - 1405  (14-16 ).

39)   , "MP",        (),  : 1785  (23-25   )  1843  (11-12   ).

40)  ,   , "BR1", : 1861  (18   )  1682  (17   ).

41)  ,  " ", "BR2", : 1841  (6-7   ).

42)  ,  " ", "BR3", : 1853  (15   ).

    ,           .    ,       X   ,    3-2    ,   .  ,     ,       .

       .   "  ", "    ", ",    ", "", "  ", "".

4.        XVII 

   ,       ,  .     ,       .     :      ?

,     .      XVIII -  XIX ,  200   .  1798        .         , .82.           .             ,     .         .

  ,    ,    ?  , .          .              .                    ,   XIX        -.    -             XVII ,           1680  [940].      900        .          (!), [940], .31.  :   ""  - -,     ,      30  [940], .66-80.  ,       ,   .

 ,         ,  .       , ,  , ,   .  ,              .

       ,      1680  . .  .83.

      .     "?"   ,     "",       .   ,  "?"   :  ""   "".  ,       ""      .       ,       "?"  .

------------ 

  

,    ,          (   ).  ,   ,        4      .    ,      18 000   ,  2   - .       183 .

  ,              3426-  [  ]     (  , . [940], .71 - .)  49 .

.

,          , ,   , .     ,     ,  ,    ,   .  70        \,            26 .

   -   -   ( ,  - .).    ,    (  - .)    .    \   18 .

   ,  .

       []. ,         . ,   ,              .    38 .

    \.           .      38      ,   .         (   - .).

            34 .     13- ,     .    ,     ,   16        .

      , 33 ,    ,       .   ,         .       , ,  ,       ,     .

 ,     , 44  ,             ,  .    ,  ,  ,     ,      .     .    ,    ,  .

    \,  -  .     ,        ,        (  - .).

,        200  ,   .

   ,       ,    .

,             ,         .     3-   -   ( ,    - .).

    ,         ,       ,     .        -  .    ( 1680  - .)    .    " [41], .31. ------------

 ,              ,    " ",        1680      .       " ",      ,     .

    ,        ,   XII  ..    ,   ,    .    ,     ,       , .1.   ,           -   .

-   .          , ,  ,          XII  ..,       -.

,   -   (: " ",  - ).   ,      (      ) -       XII  ..    --.     :

1)  -  .

2)  =  ,  -,    ,  -. ,          =     .          ,           ,   -.          ,   - ,       .  1152  ..,   ,           .            . .   "   .    "

3)  :  = -,   ,   1185    =  ,  .

,  -   .    -       :     ( : 1981-1118)    (. : 1118-1143).       -.

   ""   "".

 -  - (1182-1185),      ()   ("")   =  = .         (=),   ,   . .   " ".

-   ,    -  ,    :

1)   ,      1203 ,   " -".

2)   ,        =  = .   -          . , ,    ,          ,         : ",      ,  ,   : ! ,  .   : ,  !" ( 19:26-27). ,       -           ,     ,       .  ,      , -          -     .

    1203  --              =  .  ,  ,    ,      ,     ,  . ,    ,       11  ,  ,   , , , , , , , , , , .     .   ,    XIII  ..   ,                 XV .         ,         XVI -  XVII , .   " ".

3)    (), -    -,   XIV    ,     -  .        . ,    ,    "",  ,    .

   XIV      ""     ,    ,      ,   -,      . .   " .   ", "  ", "  ".

 .84  .85     - ,   ( ).    ,  - . ,  ,      :     ,     .

- ,     ,      , ,   , "   ". ,  ,    -  XII-XIV ,  -,    XIV        - ,    XIV        .     ,     .  XIII-XIV    ""  "" ,         (" "),     XIV      -    -  .     , ,  "  ,              ." .   " ", " .   ", "      ", " ",       "  "  " ".

  - "      34 ".         -    XIV ,    =  ,     .                  .  ,      .  ,          ,      .      .   ,  ,   ,   ,    .         "",    (  ""  ). -        .    .  ,    ,     . ,     .

     ,   " "    "       ". ,           (" ")  XIV           XII             .   ,              ,      XIV .

 - , ,   ""  "",   "" -.

 -   ,  ,          . ,       1380         =  =  -   1430 , .   " "  "-".   , ,  ,      ,           ,     .   -     ,         ,   -         . .   " ".

         .         ,   -,    .      ,        .

     .

  

     (..  - .) ,          (   )  ,       4       (  -        - .),   .   ()    ,  18 000 ,    2 000 [],  183  .

      ,       3426-,    (   [41], .71 - .)   49.

.

          ,     ,      ,    ,   .      \ (    - .)      ,   26   ,    70 .

2-       (    - .),       , \  ,      18.

3-  ,  .

4-    .              :       ,      ,    .    38.

6-    \.           :       ,    ,    38.    ,     .

      ,      34,   13- ,   ,   .        ,    ,    16,     .

    , 33 ,      ,      .      ,       .           ,       ,     .

     ,     44-,         ,        .        ,     ,      .    .        .

    \,     ,          ,          .

  ,    ,    ,  200      .

    ,   2-     ,         .

            ,     ,      ,   3-  .

    ,    ,         ,     ,     .    " [41], .31.

----------------

,   ?   XVII         -,  .     .  ,    ,    ,       .   XIX          " "  .      " "  ,         . " " - ,          .   ,   . ,           . ,  ,        .     -   .

  , ,    1680 , "  "    .  ,    -    .

5.         :         ,   ,   

 ,         -  ,   ,    ,   . ,   ""     ,       ,   ,    [1009:1], .29.

  " " ("Ancient Egypt") [1009:1]      . (D.Silverman)    (    ).

"     ()             .   ,              (    - .).      -   I ,   , -     " [1009:1], .29.

      : "In the antiquity, Egyptian priests regaled Greek and Roman visitors with tales of the fabulous exploits of a pharaoh called "Sesostris". His conquests, they said, had ranged from deep inside Africa to the Near East, and even into Scythia (southwestern Russia) which no later conqueror - not even Darius I of Persia or Alexander the Great - had been able to subdue".

 ,  ""     . ,     ,           ,   .       !  ,          - ,        (  ) ,     .

     ,           ,       .  ""     .

    ,            "" ,    .     ,      . "      ...        :  , , ,  , , ,   ,   ,   ,  52  53    ...         ...  ,        ( )    ()      ,    (),   -        -    ...   :     (-) -  ( ),  ( )  " [988:00],  "".        "  ,         ,    -  ,  ,    -  ;                " [988:00],  "".

 ,       .

,    - ,    ,      ,  -.

  ,        .  ,     ,    ""  " " [1009:1], .29. ,        ,   .      .

   ,         ,    . ,  , - ,     ,  ,     ,  ,   .           -       .

    -           .                   .

  ,  ""              .   ,   ,          [1]-[3],          ,     . , ,          .

6.  :   ?

             .    .  1923         .  - ,  ,   -      ,       , .86, .87, .88, .89, .90, .91, .92.        ,     . . .93, .94, .95, .96. , "   1,85 .        2,3-3,5 " [380], .177.          . . .97, .98.

        .

       .     ,   . ., ,    "      ?" ( " ",  1998 , .62-64).

       .          ,      ,    XIX-XX .  -   .

  ,       ,    .    -         .         .       ,  ,      .       ?

  .,        ,      -  .

-,             .              .     ,   -  .   ,     .    -   . ,       ,        .     . ,        .    ,  ,   -     .

     ,         .  -  .   "" -    !               .     .   ,     .      -   "",   ,       .  - ? ,     ,        .       ,     " "    .

   -  ,   " "        . . .99, .100.  ,         -"",       , . .101, .102, .103.        ,        .   ,       .   , , "  ...      -       ...          .     -           , -   ; ,   , ,  ,     " [380], .175.

 ,              .   , "  "       ?     -    ,         ?      ,      . -,       .      .

, ,       " ".

    1923 .  " 1930            " [380], .183.   ,   1923  1930 ,   ,     (!),      . ,  ,  ,      ,     1923    , , ,   [380], .182.  -     -   : " 1929  "  -    " [380], .183.   1930  "          ...   .   ,        ...       ,     (1929 - .)       ,      " [380], .182.   ,   .    21    ,  .

      ,    "  ".  .   ,       .      - ,     -    .     .   .,        .    ,      .

     .  ,      .  ,            .     .

  .  2002  ..     ..          .          ,      .      ,     .          ,   2002     .         ,     .  -     !  ,        ,      , .104.   ,            .

      .  ,       -       -                 .   2002              .

,  2006 ,     " ",  -           -    .      .   " "        .

   2002 .         ,       .       " ".          ,      "" -    .

 ,         ,     - ,       , .105.    ,     ,  ,     "  "     - ! . .106.  , -""             , .107.      .

 ,          .    , ,   -      . , ,     - .     .

 .      ,  ,  ,   ,         . ,         .  -   ,   -    -   ,     . . .108, .109, .110.      -.         .

   -   ,   ,        ,     - . . .111, .112, .113.     ,   .       ,     ,     . ,   ""- ,       ,   , .114.     ,    - , .111            . ,           .

      ,  -     ,   .       ,   -   ,    - , .115.          .

          .   -  ,       .

   ,           ,   ,       .  ,        -         .   , .116.

    . ,     . . .117, .118.        ,     ?       ,         ?  .         ,   .     ,        .   -   ,     .           ,      .  ..     .  ,  ,      .

 ,   -    .

   -  ,    ,             ?  . -,   .     ,            ,   ? -,        ,    .        ,  ,   .

   , ,    ,        .   ,           -       .             XX , .   "  .        ".         .      -   ,   , -,    .         .  , ,  ,  ,   ,    , .115. ,    " "  ?       ,         ?

  ,  ,  ""         , -,    .    ,-,   ,    , .41.        ,            .  ,         ,   ,  ,  . , ,         -   .

    , -,        (Kheperkheperura Ay).  ,      ,           .      . . .119, .120, .121, .122, .123, .124.

       1816            -     ,         [1458:1], ,172. ,          [1458:1], .45.  ,          [1405:a], .45.          ,   [1405:a], .45.

          ,     ,   .        .         .           .

        ,    , ""    . ,            ,  ",     (which may originally have been designed for Tutankhamen) [1458:1], .172.  ,   ,         .     . ,  ,      ,         .  ,      .     !

 ,   ""    .         .  -   .

7.   -      

        ,     ,     ,  ,   ,     ,   XII-XIV , .   " ".

    .

" ,        ...

, -  ,       ,             ,        ,  ,       ,  -  ,  -  .           ,    ,     .

  ,         -  ,      ,     .   ,      ,    ,       .

,  ,      ,   ,   ,      .   :    ,      ,     ().       , , ,  ,      " [370], .5.

 ,  ,       .  , ,  "-" = -. ,      [72].

  (-) , , "  ".  ""    -    .   "",     . ,  - ,  - ,  - ,  - ,  - ,  -    , . [532].            XVIII .

     - , .   ,  .

      -     .

,     ,          .     ,      XIX ,    ,         [544].

8.   ""

,   ""      . "  ,      ,   ,   " ", -    ...      ...   : ...           " [99], .77.

  XIX    : "           ,    ,    .    ,  ,  " [99], .78.

.. [544] ,     -       - " ".         "".    .            .



  1.
   -   ,    

.1.   ( )


     [1]-[4], [], [], [], [] ,     " "        .         ,  .         .


        ,          XI-XIV   .     ,       ( )   ,       .


  ,       ,         .        XIX    " "   .. [99].


,  XIII  -        .         , .125. , ,   ,  XIII       .  1204         -  ,          -           , .   " .   ", "  ", "".  ,           -    .


 1201-1202     .


 1240      - " ;      (     )  ,     " [99], .745.


 1250  -     . ,   ,  ,   ,   -     -    IX .   1250 ,     ." ,  -      (   - .) ,      [99], .745.


     [99], .745.


 1253        [99], .745.


 1380         [99], .745.


 1380  1517       [99], .745.


. 1380  -            .      1380    ( , -, "",  )    ()     ,      1380          .      ,    , .   " ".      "" . ,     "  ".


 1468  -   - [99], .745.


 1517     I       .      [99], .745.


 1585       .       XVIII  [99], .745.


 1798        .  .     .        [99], .745.


21  1798      ,        [99], .745.


22  1798  -   .       [99], .745.


 1801       [99], .745.


 1811  - ,   [99], .745.




1.2.       



  ,      " ".  ,  ,  XIX ,   ,    1798 .    ,  ,   .


      IX-XIV  .. (   )         . ,    ,  ,  [464], .39-43. , ,      ",    ...  , ,    " [464], .39.


 - ,  XII  - ,     " ,    ,   ;     ,    ,    -      ,   " [464], .40.


  : " ,      ,    " [464], .44.,   1336        [464], .43.      ,   1440  [464], .43.  ,    ,       -       .


  ,   ""           XV  [464], .46. ,         -     [484], .78.,  1707 , -     , -                     [484], .78.,  "     ,         " [484], .79.


"      ,         ...       ...      .   ,             (! - .),  ,  ,     16  1739 " [484], .79.


" 1790         ,     .      1768 " [484], .79.


,   XVIII     , , -,        "-" .


"  XVIII     ,      .        ,       ,    , ,     " [484], .79.


 ,                XVIII -  XIX ,    .   -   XIX  -     .


  XIX      ,    -.           " " - .


     "" ,   . ,      -   -    .,                , [99], .96.


       : "                ;              .    ,   ,    ,                    " [99], .96.


      ""     .       33,3   (?!),   3   . ,     ""  "" . .. :"...  ( )     100 " [99], .69,  1. ,   ,  XIX           . -       .   XIX        ?


  ,          " ",  ,     -    ,        . , ,         , -    , -    " ",     [1].,         - .


 ,          ,   XVI-XVIII ,      XIX .


, ,   XIX ,       "     " -   , ,    - -      .   ? -, .   " "          .     ,  ,          ( II), - [163], .119, -           .




1.3.   -  .  




,           .   -   " ".  "  "  ,              .      ,        . . .126, .127, .128, .129, .130, .131.


  ,      -   ,    .          -, . .132, .133, .134, .135, .136.               .  -  , . .135, .137.   -    , .138, .139.    ,            , .140, .141, .142.            :      ,    , .143, .144. ,  ,    ,          XIV  .., .   " ".


,       , ,      [1051:1], c.14.        .           .


.128    ,     -   ,     .


 .145         III.       .      ,   ,    .


       ,     .      , c. .44 - .48,    .


"         [ ];     ,  ,  .   ...    ,     15   ..,    ,   ",        .. [176], .213.      ,  : "               " [176], .213.


,    ,        .


        , ,     [1101], .270. . .146.  .147     .    ,       ,     ,   ,  , .    , ,    .


, .           ,  ,        .  : " ,       ,       ,     ...         ,    ,     IV           II,  ,      " [374], .236-237.


 , ,      ,  ,        .


         ,  ,      -   . ,  " ",       ,     ,  , ,    . , -,   ,  .  -,        ,     . , ,   - , . .148, .149.         ,          , . .150, .151, .152, .153.     -       .  .154     -   .      , .155.   -.  .156  .157      XV      - .  ,  -  -   ,        .


 .158  .159   -     .       ,    - .      ,       ,   ,   ,    -  -   ,    . ,               14   .


 .160   ,          , . .139 .        ,  .     ,     .  ,   ,       -  .    ,  ,   -.             ,     . ,        ,    .       "   ",      ,          ,  ,   ,    ,     [29:1], .121-127.


 .161    ,         , .162.       .


 .163    ,     ,      .       .


 .164  ,           ,     .       .


 .165    ""-  .    -   ,  . ,        ,    .  ,  "                -  ,   .     :  -   ...   III   ..          " [486], .15.


 .166          I   .         . ,     ,      : 1)  -, 2) , 3)  .    -     -    .  -  ,   -   . ,  ,     ""-   : ,      .  ,    , ,    -   .    . .167           .


         ,    .        ,       .         -    , . .168, .169.         ferula.        ,         .  .170   ,       .  ,     ,            , .171,


         ,      . ., , .172, .173, .174, .175, .176, .177.


   ,      -   , .178.  ,       XVII-XVIII      , .179.           -  . ,           .


   , , ,    ,  , ,   . ,      ,     , ,    ,  ,  .   .




1.4    



           ,  " ", .180.   ,             [370], .136.    18 ,     1300  [370], .136.


        , .181, .182, .183, .184. ,       " ",      . , -   ,     .  ,    ,                   .  .185      ,       2008 .


 ,  ""  , -  XIV   ..(!) -     .           .




1.5.     




   ,       ,  -     .   ,          ,     " ".       ,     . ,  ,        ,   ,  , ,    ..      , ,    ,          .


  .     ,             ,     ?  .              .    -     XII-XIV .        , , ,      , .   " "  " ".


, ,         ,     ,   - ,  .     ,    -  .      .


  -    .      .  ,             . ,   ,                  XIII-XIV .   -  .      .       ,       .


         ,   XIV-XVI             .        ,  ,    XIV         , .   " ".               "".


 ,         ,     .                    ,      ,    .


     ,        ,     .  ,       ,       ,   , ,       ,   .              .     "  "    .                 .       .     .


 .186    ,     ,     .  .187      ,         .  ,        .


            .      : 1168  1185    [].      " ",       20  1185  ..,    .  ,    (22-26  1168  ..),   -    .    ,     , ,    .    ,          , .187.



~1.  


  , -,   , .188.    -   -   -     .        .       ,   -,       . ,   ,  ,        ,      . .   " ".             . ,   ,     ,    .      , ,   ,   .


 ,              -. ,         .    .  .189  .190         .  ,  ,         - -,   .  ,     .


       ( ).        ,    . -,     ,  ,  .         ,  ,    .        ,    .


 ,    , .191.     ,  , -,       ,         .      -  ,       - , .191.         , .191.  ,     .  -         ,    . . .192, .193, .194.


 .195       ,              .                ,       , .195.



~2.   -   .      ,     



   ,    -   ,  . -,     .   , , ,              - . , ,   ,          ,           (        ).


 ,         -     . . .196, .197, .198. , ,  -       ,      .


    ,     ,     -         .    ,      -  . . .199, .200.


  ,                , . .197 - .200.


 ,     ( )   ,   .   , -  -      . ,       ,   , -   ""  , .   "   ".      ,         XIII-XIV .           XV .       -   ""  -  .  -  ,       ,   70          ,     . .  1.1 .


~3.   -


        .         -  .         , . .187  .201.        ,   - . -     (?),        , . .201, .202.  ,      .    ,       .   ,   ,   .



~4.  -       -  



         ,     ,      . . .203, .204, .205, .206.   ,    (),     (),            . - -   ,        - (     ),    .


      -, ,  ,          ("")  .


       - ""   .      .  ,            , ,   ,          ,    XVII .


  , ,   XVII            .      : ,  (   ), , ,  (     ),  [940],  66; [477:1], .8; [514:1], .117.


"      ,   45  ...    4      ,    : , , , ,       : , , , " [940],  66, .


  ""               -""  "".   ""  ""   .   ,   ,    "    ...    -  ,       " [988:00],  "".


  - ""    : "        " ( 14:1,  ).


             XVII . , ,          XVI  . "  ",   10 "    "  .


"  ...    ,     .           - ,      (    XVI        ,    ,    (),      - .).  ,  ,   ( ,    ,     - .) ...         ...    (        1613        -   ,   ,     ;        - .) ...     ...   -  ...     ,      ,     ,     ,    ...    ...     ,   ...       ,   ,      " [878:1], .53-54.


    -      ,      . , ,    XVII         "   ".   "  , ,    ,           ...       1627  1680 ,          " [988:00],  "   ".


   ,     XVI     .     .   ,    ,   ,   ,    .   ,   ,    ,         .   ,   ,        XVI .


     - - , ,    -    ,     .


    , ,   ,      -  -  -      -  -  XIV ,            , .   " ".   ,   =    XIV ,        ,           .


 .207         -  -  -  - .


  ,        , , ,        -.              .   " ".            ,   .


 .208         -,    , . .203 - .206.       ,      .177.


. ,        - -   ,       . ,        ,    . ,       ,           -   , .   " ".


~5.  



          .   :    ,     ,        .


 .209  .210   ,       , . .162 .


 .211  .212            .




~6.   



 .213        , . .162 .   ,   -   -       .      ,     ,   .214, .215, .216, .217, .218, .219.       , .215.     -       ,   , .216, .217, .218, .219.        .


   -         -?      ,    . , -, .       " ",   -,      ,    .    - ,        .  ,                . ,     , -    ,       ,    -,  .


               .



~7.  -  -.   - -   


          .     ,    ,    ,           .


 .


 .220        .         ,         , .221. ,   ,        .    ( )     "",    ,      .176 .       -     ,  , .220.


   ,    ,   ,  .      :    -      -      . ,   , ,       .


  -   ?        . ,          -   ,  -     ,   XVII       , . [676:1], [29:2a], [29].


    "  " [29:2a]  .


"           "    ",  " ",      (Corn. in Matth. X. 17).         .     ,  ...          (, , ) ...           ,   1958 . ( ) ...     ,   ...    ,            ...     ,          ...      ...       ...    ,     ...      ...      ,       ...   - ,       " [29:2a].


,    ,           ,    .         .   .


 ,    ,  ,        .    -     - ,         , .221, .222.           .


        ,     ""  "" . , ,  4   : "   :             ...       " (4  4:29).            .    ,       ,      .


   ,  ,   ,    ,   ,  .  -       (           ).       -  ,         . ,   ,  .  ,     ,  ,       ,    . ,    ,      ,     .       ,         .


 ,         ,              -        .     ,         , .223.


         . ,     , -           .


              (   - "'").     ,       .  ,            .


      , .220.


"               .             " [347:1], "".


" -   ...    -       " (ru.wikipedia.org).


      ,       - .     ( ,  -   )   ,  ,   ,          --.


                   .   ,         .   "    "  .


<<      .      ,    ,       ,         ...         ...    ,         .      ,         ...       ,                ,        .    ,  ,     .   : "     ,     " ...  ,    ,      , , , , ,   ,          .      >> [832], .109-110.


     :


<<       .        -     ,    -         ...     (? - .)    ...    ,          (        - .).     ,         ...       ,                 ,        .   ,   ,    .   : "           " ... ,    ,      , , , , ,   ,               .      >>.


  ,                 , .   " .   "  "    ". -      XIII    -      ,     - .      ,  , .   " .   "  "      ".   -    ,   ,                    . ",      ,  ,   : ! ,  .   : ,  !" (, 19:26-27).


 ,  ,        ,     .  , ,     ,    - ,     ,   .     ,      (),    ()    , ,  ,   .


,    ( ),  ,     ,  .   -        =  .   ,    , -    , .220.


 ,   ,    ,   ,          ,  .


 ,  -      ,    , .222.      ,      , . .176  .177 .  ,  .176   -,           , .176.


 .224     ,      .176.    -,     -,     (),     ( ).


,   - (. .177 )      -, .208.   .


  ,   . ,         -       ( ,   ) -       --      ,      ,     .  -   ,           .           ,         . ,    ,     ,       .   , ,         - -  -, .225, .226. ,        ,       -  .


      ,   -  ,   ( )    . ,               .


   -       ()  .          : I   ,   "   " .227.     - "" -   .


    -   ,     [1207].


   -  ,    ,  ,    ,         . . .226  .221.


    ( ),           ,         .       " ".


<<            "    ",  " ",      (Corn. in Matth. X. 17).         .     , ,    ,          (, , );     (    );           ,   1958 . ( ).   : " .  ">> [29:2a].


            .


<<       ...     : , ,      ,     , ,    ,     ...  ,  ,      . ,   , ,    ,      .    ,           .    :  ,        >> [29:2a], [29].


 ,    ,        ,    .        ,    -       , . .220  .221 . ,        "" -    ,       .                 ,      , .221. ,        . ,          ,       .




 [988:00].   -  .    


 .228, .229             :        ,   . ,       ,        , .230.   ,   ,     ,      .       , .229.


   ,    -   ,  ,     ,     (), .   " ".


 :  ,   -  -  ? ,      --,        .    .  -    ,   .


 , ,       ,   . , ,    .85.    ,    ,   , .85.              "   ".    ,   ,          , . .231, .232, .233, .234, .235, .236, .237, .238.     , ,     ,   .239.


     -,   ,          ,  ,       .


        .    ,     ,      , .230.  ,      ,   ,  .  ,     ,       ,     . . .237  .240.            ( ?)   , ,    , .239.


   .229 -     .          , -,        , .241.          ,   ,     .         ,       , .242, .243.


 ,      ,      ,  -    ,      (, ),    .  ,      ,     ---                . ,     ,   "    ",      .  ,  ,  ,  . ,          .


 .244     "   "     . ,      ,    ,    ,        , .245.     : " i" (" "). ,        ,       , .246.  .        ---,          ---,  .              ().


   "    "  ,        (): << ...     "    ,     ,     "...       ,    ,    ... >> [253], .72.


  :      ,   --,           (, )?  ,   ,           ,        XII . ,      ,  ,     .


  ,    XVII                . ,     ,         ,        . ,  ,         .     "     XVI  XVII ", .. : "   ...     ,        , ,      ,     ,          .        ...               ...                 " "     ...     ( ,   - .)            ...  1628 .,        ...        ...   1632 .          ...          ( ,  ,  - .)   ...   1634 .        ...  1636 .        " [282:1], .311-315.      .  ,         :   ,   , ,     .


     "",    ,        (   - ),     .     ,    .


           () -  ,       .  -   .


        : <<       ,    (  2 1/2 )      -  ;    ,  1 1/2-   - ,      ; ,   ,    .     2-3 (  , , ,  ,       ),  , ,   ,     , ""  , ..     >> [988:00],  "".  .,        XVI ,    ,   : "       ,           ,       .      :  ,  ,  ,       , ,    ...   ,               .                ( , , )        ,        , , ,     .   ,          ,        " [878:1], .154-155.


 .247             ,   -  ,    ,     -    ,      ,      .   .


      , . .229, .230 .    ,   ,    . ,  ,   ,  ,          .   ,       , ,   , .248.


,  , ,  , ,   ,  .    .     ,   .           .      ,     ,  ,       -   .             , .230.  ,  .243    . ,    .       ,      , .249.


 ,         ,      ,      , .250.        :  ,      , .251, .252.          -  ,  ,          .


,   ,     ,   ,    -  ,        , . .231 .       ,    ""  -    -        .    , ,    -. .     "  " [6],  3.4.    ,    ---            .     ,      ,       .   ,     ,  ,         ,   ,     .      ,  .


,    ,         .     ,  XVI ,    .253.   :   ,     .   -         ,  .    :    ,     ,     - , .254.        .    -  ,      , .255.


 ,     ,    -    ,       -    (    ).  ,      ,       .  ,       ,  :    .     :  ,      -     .


    ,   ,  ,    .     .   ,    .  .256     1545  "     ".   :   -,      ,  ,     ,  ,   .  ,  ,  ,   ,   , .257.


 ,     ,  ,    , .   " ". , ---     XII     ,   () . ,         -    .  ,    ,  ---  -   XII ,         ,         - -     -  ,   ,     . ,   ..,        ,   ,      -  ,             .     "  ".


 .258      ,   .



~9.   ,  



   " "    ,        .               " "  "  ", . , . 1:1, 9:27. 12:23, 15:22, 20:30-31, 21:9, 21:15, 22:42; .10:47-48; .18:38-39;  7:42; .1:3, .2:8.


,  ""     ,    .      ,     , ,   .  ,  ,       " " (. 1:20).


 ,     ,  ,   =  =  , ,   ,          .


 ,       ,     .   , ,      ,      XVII  [772:1].     ,        , .259.    : "[][]    []  [ ]" [772:1], .2.


 ,  ,    ,   , .260.   ,       ,   , . .243 .


-,       ----:          XII   .



~10.  ,     



  ,             .


"   ...   :      ...          .     ,    ,     .               " [988:00],  "".


       ,  ,           ,  XII .   XIII           -,        -.      .  XIV          ,  ,   -  . .   " .   ", "      ", "    .   ".


         ,    ,     ,      ,         ---,  .   -   .    " "   ,         ( ),     XII          .      .           -           .   .              .        ,   ,  ,       (        ,       ,  .., .  .. "  -  ").


     , , ,       ,      --.          :              .        , , ,  - ,    --.


,     ,    : "   -   " [988:00], " I ".  ,     ,     "  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,  (   )   ." [751:1], .20.    " "      -  ,    ,  ,     ,     -  .


,    ,     XII         ,    ,        - , ,   .


 .261  .262     " "      . ,  ,      ,    ,    ,      "  " -     ---,                XII . .             .. "  -  ".



~11.     .   


 --   ,    XII    (   ,   ,       ),       .             .     ,        [174:4], [126:1], [126:2], [147:2], [860:1]. ,      "" ,    ,       .


 - ..    "          " : <<     ,      (  ,     -        ,           - .).    ,  ,    ( -   - .)      ,           (  "") ...   ""     [126:2], .449 ...     .    (  , .  - .) ...


     ...      .        ,           ,      ... ,     ,     .


...      ...  .  ,  ,     ,    ...             ...             ,        :   ,    "",   ,   " " -   [ 1863, .264-265].    ,       ...


   ""  ""    ,    "".          "" ... [860:1], .163-165.      -:


->>   ,    ,    


[687:0], .171, N 192>> [174:4].


 ,   "",           .


 , , ,      ,    ,    -,   ,   .


   -    ?   , ,     ,        ,     . <<    ,  :      ...      ,      ...   :  ,   :         ,     .        ... ,  ,  . ,  ,   ;   , : , !   ;    .    ,  ,   . , ,  ,   ,  ,   .         : "  ,           ">> [29:2a], 121; -  .  [676:1], .141-142.


 .263         ,   ,        ,   .  .264     "".    ,       ,      , .265.       .


..    . , "   (Bear)         -  " [174:4].


 ,   ,  ,  ,         . ,           ,   ,    .


, ,    .


"     ,  " [174:4]. "            .       ...      ,       .    -    - ,  ,  ,        ,       " [111],  III, .162-163. "  ,    ,   ,        " [174:4].


            . ,        .   ,         , . .188.     -      . ,               .  ,  -     , . .201  .202 .


       " "  .  , ""  ,  .  ,      -     .           ..: << 24      "" (  ""  ) -   .  ()   ,    >>.


       . ""  ,     -   ,     - .    ,  XII ,  ,  ,  ,   .       , ,  ,      .         .              .  ,   ,   ,           XIV .


      ,    .        ,   , .266.      :           ,  -    R, , , "" (Royal).    ,      ,              , .267. ,         ,    XII         --.


~12.    



             ,  1    (14  ..).        .        .         -   .       ,   .


 ,  -   .         ,        .          ,   .


     ,  , .  ,      ,   ,      .  ,   ,     "  ,      X .            .    .      ,        ,        ,        ()  .      " [988:00],  "  ".


   XIX ,  ..    : <<    1          ,        ,  - .  , . .     .   (457-474)   .       ... . ,   ,    ,      ,       ... "      ...   ,   ,     ...     ... ,      ,    ... ,           ,          (! - .) ...   ,   ,       ...      ...      ... " ...   -            .      :      ...?  ...  .        ...   ,     ,  .   ,   ...  ,       -,   >> [174:3],  1, .400-402.


  ,  ,   ,  ,      " -     ...    " [174:3],  1, .403.


,  -      , ..    :    ,     - . <<      -   , , ,     ...  ...  : "...       ".   ,     ...  :    1 ,      >> [174:3],  1, .404.


 ,         .   - ,       .  ,     ,       .


             . ,           -      -  ----   XII .  ,           ,     , . . ,        -       -     .            .          .


,               , .268. , ,      : "       ,        ...       " [2:3], .10.           [988:00],  " (.)". ,             ,             --   .


   ,          .        .     - 1  -     .   -,   ,     ,       .


      ?        .    ,  ,       .  -    XII-XIV ,     --   ,      . ,   ,  ,  ,    .


     , ,           .           .    ,  ,          .


       , , ,       .      .             ,    .


      .            .


 .269    ,   XVIII-XIX .  ,    , ,     .     : "[] "  "", .270.      ,             "   ... ".  ,        ,    .    ,  ,     -      .       .   ,      -         .      ,       , .271.    : "       ".             .


 ,        -    ,           .  ,    .             : "   ...", .272.  : "   ...".


 ,               .  -   -          .          ,      -    . ,         -   ,   ,  ,     ,  .273.


,        -  ,  , . .274, .275, .276.     "",     , . .    ,    -  , .   ,    ---    -     ().


 ,  .274, .275    -   , .277.  ,       - . ,  ,  "". ,    ,    ,     XII ,        . ,   ""     .  ,     -  ,    ,    ,  . , ,  ,    " ", ., , . 9:27;12:23.


   ,        .   ,        " ".   -  ,        ,     ,              ,    ,   ,   .          .   ,   ,       .     ""  "",       . . [988:00], " ",    ,      . , ,     : "         ,    .               .    ,         .   ,          .    ,           ,   .   ,       .    :   ,      " ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_.


    ?         ?  .   -  ,      " "  ,    ..


              (  ), .278.   , , XX .     ,         ,     ,  ,   .




~13.    -     XII      



      ,      -    . ,  .


  ,              , .279. <<           ,      "">> [988:00],  "".    .280       XVI  (  ,    -   XVII ).   ,   ,      .            XVII-XIX .


,   ,     ,  ""  "", . ,  66 " " [252:2a].   -  ,    .


,           -  -         .   ,   ,  .


           .    .  ,      ,   : ""  "",         .        .           ,   .     .   ,         ,   .        , ,     ,         , .281.      ,      [676:1aa], .228-229.


   -      -    .              .


,    .             ,      ,           . ,         .


     .


   ,     ,  ,       --      XII .          .                 XIII-XIV .      ,     ,         .             .


  ,            .   ,  -  ,    .


   .



~14.    


 -       -             .       ,    XIX .


 ,          .       . ,  "             (IX .)" [988:00],  "".  IX  -  .   ,   - 400- ,  ,  ,   XIV-XV ,    .


       : "   XII-XIII ., , ,    .,     ,     .       ,      ;           (1545-1563,  24,  1),      (1274)   (1438) ...   ,       (886-919)       ;    ,          (professio martimonii in ecclesia),     ,      " [988:00],  "".


<<        ,  "       " ... " -,   ,    ...  ...     ,               ,     (    XIX ! - .) ...        ,             " ()>> [988:00],  "   ". ,   -    1880-1905 .   ,      ,  ,     XIX .


       XIX  ..,  : << (  - .) 4, 5  6     ,      .               ...  1762 ,      ,    ,  "                 " ...  1765     ...                 ,       (   - .)   , ..  .


   ...    ,   ,    .          (),     : "   ?"   ,      : "   ?"           ...          ,   ,    " ".          XVIII .       ...           .  4, 5    ...        1745 . 20           ,                 >> [757:1], .339-341. .  [757].


,       XVIII                 IX-X  ..    ,    . "  (   - .)             ...     ... ,               " [693:1], .153-154.  : "           ,      .  ,    920  (  , ,  XV  - .) ...   ...      " [693:1], .317.


 , ,          . ,       X .     ,  ,   XV .    ,        XVIII .


 ,   ,       XVI ,   , . .  -        .


 -           ?   -      ?  ,  ,     .     ,     ,    .


-,            XIII-XIV .    ,         --   ,      XII  ..           ,               .    ,  ,   .      ""   ,       ,         .        . , , ,        , .282.           .       "", "", "".   -  ,        .                   .  -   .     ,   .         ,  .


        . ,      ,    -  ,   ,         ,      .            ,     .  , , .     -      (       ,  ), -    .    ,       ,       .      .    .



~15.    


       ,    , ,      .       ,    .


 ,          -  ,  .          , . .   .            ,           .  ,     .    ,   ,   .     .     ,     ,    ,   .    -     ,         .    .             ,           .        ,   XIV .


     ,  .  ,       ,    .   85  ,     :


" 5.   i,    ,  .     ,  " [430:0],  2.


      .    ,   ""   .    ,         "", "", "",   . ,  17  ..   : ".  ,   70-  ,  " [947:1]; .  [762:2], .153. ,    ,             .


" 17.   ,   " [430:0],  4.


    ,     ,    .       ,   "".  ,       .    .


" 18.   ,  ,   ,   " [430:0],  5.


               (),    ("", ).     .


" 19. i  ,   ,   " [430:0],  5.


    ,    ,      ,   .   -   .     .


" 25.    ,   ,    ( - .),  ,   .   ,    ( - .) " [430:0],  6.


          ,   ,   ( ,     -)   .  ,      .      ()         .      , ,   . -,     .


" 26.     ,    ,  ,  " [430:0],  6-7.


               ,       .          .      ,    :


" 27.     i  i ,   i   ,   i  .      ,   , ,    ,    " [430:0],  7.


    .


" 48. i    ,   ,   ,   " [430:0],  13.


          ,     ,         .       .  ,     ,       ,    ,  . -,    (         ). -,            ,      : "  i        ,   ,      ,   " [430:0],  13.


" 51.    i  ,  ,   ,    i ,   , " [430:0],  13-14.


           (    ).     ,         ,      : ".   ,  i,    , ,  ,   ,  i ,  i   ' ( - .)    ,  i ,    .       ;  ,        .      i,  ,    .    ,         :   i " [430:0],  14.


" 61.     i,   ,    ,   " [430:0],  17.


         (""),     ,    .     .


" 67.   ,  ,    ' ( - .),    " [430:0],  19.


       ,     .           -    ,   "".     ?    . ,     ,  ,   ,  ,    . ,  ,           . ,    .


 ,  ,  ,   -   .  ,             .        -  ,   .  ,   ()     .      , .  17 .        .


,   ,         . ,  . ,  ,     -    XII ,    ,  .


      . "  (  - .)    ,       ...    50- ,   ,   36,         85" [988:00],  " ".


,      ,  35 ,    ,      ,  ,       1453 . ,            1453 , .   "".



~16.     


   ,              XIV .    ,   ,       .   ,    ,    ,      .         .       .    ,          .    , ,   ,  ,        :  -      XIV .


1)       .


""   ,              : "  ,    ...       ...        , " [620:1], .175.   , ,    ""  -   XVII ,   ,     .   -  , ,  ,      .   ,             [620:1], .175.     . "  ,       ,         ... (Zos.II.29:2)" [620:1], .175. ,    . " ... (Fausta) -     ,   ...       ...           ...      ,     ...    " [988:00],  ",  ".


               . ,     ""   ,      . ,      . , " ...  ()   ,        ...     ...       ...      ,        " [988:00],  "".  ,         -       .   -    ,     -  . ,          . ",   , ,   ,             .     ...    , ,    ,       " [988:00],  "".    ,          -,  -   .    ,        -  .


2)      ,          XV .


       =         .  -     ,   XIV-XV .


<<        (    - .)     III (1393-1441) ... ...      ...    ""      ...  III    (1402) ...       .   ,     ...         ...         ,       :                ,   >> [988:00],  ",  ".


 ,     XIV   ""    "",  ,  - "". ,  ,    .   ,    -         -     ,    .  ,      ,     ,    ,   ,    .  ,   ,  ,         ,       .  ,             .  -    ,     .  ,                  -    .


          ,  ,       .   , , ,       "" -  ,   -   XIV . ,      -        , ,         ,    ,    . ,        ,  ,  .       .   ,    .


3)        .


  ,            .          ,  , -,     XVII .


        -         .          (""): -    ()=. ,   -  ,       - ,   XVI       XIV      XII . ,  ,     .   -     ,     .   -   XIV       .


,     .


3)      -.


      - ,       ("" [338], .27).  ,    -     XIII-XIV    -    ,        =  (   ).  -  -  ,   ,     XIV , .  22.1  2   "  ", -      -  ("")  .  ,   ,     .  , -, -   .     -  : "              ( ,  - .),    ,   .          i  " [338], .31.


  ,        XIV ,    .   -    =  -      .      ("   "),    -     ("  ").  ,        .


 :   , ""     ?       . ,    -       .   ,   -   ,         .   -  -       XVII .     .   ,    = -,  ,      () .   "   ".   ,   - "" , -,               .         ,   (  ,    ) ,      -     -      ,       ,     .   ,    ,     .


         ,          .         (  ), ,    ,     .        .           .  ,        .       ,      ,    ..


3)       -    :


 : " i  ,    ,       ,     ...   ,  ,   ,   ,      (   - .)   ,         ,    ' ( - .),      .       ,  ,   ,   ,      ,        .   ' ( - .), ,  ' ( - .)     ,    ,    i    .   ' (,  ,   - .) ,     (  - .)  ,  , ,     i.         " [338], .31.


,  ,     ,  " "    ,  -       ,    ,    .  ,     " ",    .  ,       ,      :         .    -      .


      ,    - (  -  )  " ,   ".       ,             .



,   .   ,     -     --  XII .         ,    ,           .   -     .       ,     ,        -  ,     .     . ,     ,       -      ,    .     ,              -.    --      , , , . , " ",     , -      ,    .    -     .           ,  "" ,     .   ,      , ,   "         ".   - ,    .         -   .   -     .


 ,     " ", , ,        XV .   XVIII-XIX ,      ,  ""       ,           -  -.  ,       ,   ,   . ,     -      . , , . : "       ...            " [196:1],  1, .85. ,  -      ,   .    "" ,   , , , ,     ,    [196:1],  1, .82.   , ""   -         --   XIII-XIV .   "" -    XV ,      XIV   , ""         .


.    -              ? .


  ,     -      XVII  -        ,   XV  -   1453                 (   ,      ).  -           .  ,    XV        ,      -   .       -    ,     ( XV ),    ,      -, .   " ", " ", "".  ,       ,     .           (  " ")  XIII-XIV       ,   ,         =    ,  ,      1453  -         , .   "".                      XII-XIV .         ,  ,           .  ,     XV     .            .    ,      XV     ,   .         XVII    "" .  ,       ,    ,  - . ~17.       XII      



   ,    ,    ,         .


1.          .  , ,      ,  ,   XII ,     -   .          .      .


2.    ,  ,  ,       ,       (   ,  , ""   -  ..)      -   ""             .         XII   - . ,     ,     ,       .


 ,    -,    .     - , , .    ,      ,   -,    , .   " ".


   - -      - .


    "".  , ,  ,    -      ,    ,  - - .   ,  -  .     -    ,   ,     , [986:1], .203,  ..  .. -  ,     XIV ,  ,   - ,       .       ,    ,    "". ,  ,       : ""  " " [137:a]. ,    XX         ""  "" ,      "",    - "" [137:a]; [760:0aa], .175-176; [825:1]; [812:2]. ,   ,            ,    [137:a], .17.  ,  "" ( )  "" ()        "" ( )  "" () [137:a], .17,18.     ,      , ,    ,         XIV .


      "",    ,         .  ,     ,  ,   . ,    ,      ,        , . [490:2],  1.   ,   ,    .


", ,      ?     ,    ...? ,         ,     -?     ,      ,   ( - - .)    ...      " [196:1],  2, .282.      "" : "  ,    ,    ,           ,     ...          .      ; ,          ...        ... ,       ,              ...       ...   ,       .        ...     ,   ,       " [30],  III, 1-15.


     ,   ,   . " ...   ...         ... .   ,      ,        ,  ,           ...     ...        ,     " [532], "".


,    ,        .


     -     .  "" -    ,  "" -     (,   " <>", " ", - -  "<>"  "").


  -  ,     ,      .           ,    -    , . .188 .  , -   -   -, . .201  .202 .        .


   ,   ( )      ,  ,  " " .    . ,            ,        -   .  ,      ,    .      ,   .     ( ) ,     .    ,       (),     -,     -.        , . .188 .   ,  -   , ,   ,    .


,                ,          .  , ,  -    ,    .  ,  ,  -   [30],  III, 1.   , , -   ,        .       ,    - ( ,   ----- ).     ( ), - =     = -    ,      .    ,  - ,   ,  -  1204 , .   " .   ". ,     ,  ,   - = . ,     -  ,     ,        , .   "   .    ".      1152  .., .   " ".


     ,        ,      ?   -   .    .         .  ,  ""      .  -     .  -   -.      - .      ,  ,    .  ,    -      :


:        .


:     ,     ,         (   -     ).


     . ,       -  ,                .    ,  "" .


,       - ,    . -,     ,   .   -       " .   ",     . -,      ,    .  ,      ,      ,   .   "", ,      "":  = . ,        : "" = "" = "",   ,  ,    .


   ,   , . :


"  ...


   ...


 .... ,     -".


 ,     .  ,       1204 ,    ,   :


-  ,


-          -,  .  ,  .


-       .


 , ,       ,   - ,  ,  .       -,  -   ""    ,      ,     ,           .



1.6.       



           . ,      "      ...  ,        " [2], .66.


      ,             , .283, .284.         ,           , .285, .286, .287. ,             , .288, .289, .290.          , .291, .292.


,          ,      .   ,      ,       .    ,   ,     ,     , .293.  .294    ,        .   ,          .         ,       .


             , .295. ,        .   ,      .


      ,   . ,        .  ,    IV  ""     [499], .47.             ,    -  ( ""  "  ",   ). . .296, .297, .298.


      ,      ,           , . .132, .133, .140, .142 .


               ,     ,   ,    , . .138  .139 .


  ,   .


 ,            -      -       .  ,        .       XV-XVI  .., ,        .  ,       .


       ,    , ,             .    ,  ,     ,           .




1.7.     ?



  ,        XIX            .    ?          ? ,  ,   ,    .


. : "    ,  ,      ,    ... ,    IV       ...  ,          ...        ,     " [380], .94.


,  ,     ,     - .  ,   ,   . ,      ?    ,  -        ?    ,     .


, ,    <<   ""         ,  , ,     ...             >> [380], .96.


 .     "         (     - .)" [380], .95.       ,   [380], .95.


     .


   XIX ,    ,  " ",        "".,    ., "    "  "   ,     :   .     " [380], .96.


 , -       .      . ,  , "   ,      (! - .)   " [380], .94.


      . -     ?    .   ,  ,  " "   ,       . ", -   , -   ,       ,    " [380], .94.


,   ,        " ".        " "   .      ,  . ,      .


     ,  , .    - ,       .        ,    !  ,   , ""     .  ,    ...


 ,           .     ,      " ".  ,    ,  ,  -     .          ""  .


 ,     ,   "",  , , "  ".        ,  ""- .  ,   ,   .


  . ,   -   ,        ,    .  ,         "", -    ( =  = ) -  .


   "  ,   " []   ,      ""  , ,  ,    ,          ("")       ("") .     .   .


 ,        " ( - .)  ...  ,  ,    (     ,  ) ,         .            - ,     -   ,  " [72], .176.


 ,     .           -       .




1.8.      



,    "      ,      " [624], .21. ,      ,       [624], .21. ,     ?


          "",     .  .,          (?!).,      -     ,  .        ,   .  -     "" , -      ,    .   ,      .        .         [624], .21.,        .


 -    , -       ,       ?    ,      ,    ?


           .  ,   XVIII-XIX ,      .    , -, ,   .   -     .    ,   .


     XVIII     .    , ,    " "  . , ,                  [380], .77.    ?  ,     ?        -.    ?            ?              .  ,    .            .


 ,     (" ") -     ,    . ..,     1831-1835 , : "           .   ,      , -   ,      ...        1828   ,     ,     !" [589:0], 153-154.


 : ", -    ,     (    - .)    , ,       .   ...    ,      ,  ,        ;      ...  ,    , ,     " [589:0], .310-311.


     .              ,        .     .


   "  ".           " ".


        - , , . -   .        ,    . , ,      [1050:1]-[1050:3]. 1.9. ,     ,        



    : "     18- ,   ,  ,       ,             " [99], .260.


         -    ? , ,         .        ,     ?    .


 ,           . ,     [99], .344-348    ,    III.    , - ,  , - -    .     ?


  ..,           .


<<               , "   ",     -        ,       ,   1822 ,    -            ,            .


        , -  .., -                   XIX ,      ,          .  ,      - "    ,    ",   40-  XIX .


  ,            ,  ,        (! - .)   ,   , - "  ? " -    ,   .


    :  ? -    ,   ,  : " ,                 "...


, -  .., -            -       ,       ,     ,     , ,       XIX >> [544] ,  6, .1029.


      ,     .          :


<<"   ,         ...".       1829         ,       (1777-1853),      ...      ?


 - : "    ,   ,       ,         !         ;           .


 , -  , - - ,     . ,     , ,  ... ,     ,     .


    ,    ">> [eg45], .34.


     ,     .   ,      ,    " ", -   , -     . , "   ,     (? - .).     ,    " [eg45], .34.


 ,   ,  -   ,      .   .          1824 : "...   ...   ,     ...     ,      " [eg46], .16-17.


 ,    ,      XIX       ,              .         ,  ,         .  ,   ,   "" ?  .         ,     .


 ,    .  .                 .




1.10.        




,  ""           .  ""      .  ,     .  , ,  .               ,  .


  ,      .        ,     ,   ,           .  - - , ,       .       .


 ,  "  XXI  XXII      , ,  I,  I,  II,  III,  I,  II,  III,      ,    .


   II,   ,     IV,  III, , ,  II,  IV,  V,  VI,  ,       .


         ,   ,     II,      ,        ,           . ,                ,   " [484], .153.   " "?   -  .        XIX ,       ,    .


   .       , ,  ,  XIX ,  1798 ,      .            [99].


,               .   ,   ..


  , -             . ,    ,      "    " [484], .81. ,     << ,   ...   ,    ,  "    "...    ,       ...    >> [484], .80-82.


       , "  .     ,      ,   :           ,   " [484], .81.


            ? [380], .77. .,    ,    : "     - ,            ;              ;      , -  , -     ;   ,  -         " [380], .77.


        "   ,   ,  " [eg47], .37.         , .299.


 , "    ".   ,     "  ".




1.11   -    ?



        ,       (Kheper) [1051:1], .84. ,          ("one of the principal gods"), [1051:1], .84.  ,   ,     ,     : "The actual word Kheper signifies becoming of turning in the sence of transformation, and the god is a type of the ressurection" [1051:1], .84.        ,      . ,            "On tomb wall he is seen seated in the boat of the sun" [1051:1], .84.


            . , ,     VI,          ,          , . .300.         VI   .301, .302, .303.


,    VI -   4-5  1289  ..,  20-21    1586  .., .   "  ".     1289 ,         ,   1586     .       1289  ,     VI         ,   -,      XIV .       ,     -     -,   ,   ,    .


       . , , ,    .


,    .


,                ,     -   . " (   - ) -         (atenchus sacer)     ,  , ,  ...   ,             ...       - -,   .,  ,   ,      ( ,         - .)         ...              ,  ,    ,        ,  -,   (  -  - .)  .          ...  ...     XVI " [988:00],  "".


   -   ,   ,         ,  ? ,   ,      (!?). ,   ,    .         ,         ,      ?   , , ,       .  ,  ,   " "       ,          . ,         ,           .  .304    -,    .     ,      .


       .      ,     ,      (    , . ).        ,  ,   -  .      . ,      ,     . , ,    ,  .  -  , .305.


         ,       . ,  ,          .


      -  .          .         .         ! , ,       ,        , .   "", " ",   [374], .260.


                ,   . ,   ,          XIV   -    ,           ,      .



1.12.   



       ,      ,     .    ,   ,     -  .  :   ?        ,    -  ?    . -,         ,    ""  -   XIV .               .  -    ,       . -,   ""          .    ,  -,  ,    .     (),  ,   .     ,          .   .


 ,   (, ,     )   ,     ,   .      , ,  ,  ,   ,         .       ,         ,      . ,      , .     "  ".   , , ,      ,  ,    -  .         .           ,    .


  ,          , .306.   , ,     (!) .    .  ,  ,   ,       .   . , ,     ,         .



1.13.     


  -   -     .    ,    ..      .307, .308, .309, .310.  ,     :   (    ),  .  ,  .


,    ,     ,  ,    , ,  ,         . ,    ,      ,    ,  .     .   -   -         .


  ,         ,      .   -      .        ,     .    XVI      -    "", , ,    . ,      ,           -     ,         ,  ,   -,   . ,  XIX ,      .   - ,  ,             .



 2.    


2.1.       

 ,          .   ,    -  ,          - ,  ,  ,    .   ,           .

      .  -  ,    ,  ,  .                (?!).     - , , , , , , . , ,  -      .     ,  ,   -  .    .

,           ,           .

    .        .

        ,    -   ,   ,    ?        .          .         ,   .

  -  .

   ?        ,         . ,        ,  ,   ,        ,      .         ,        .      .

  .     ,          .             -     -       .          ,  .

    , ,        ,           .     ,  ,  ,  ,    .      .       XII-XIV  ..,            - ,   ,    .    ,          .       .    ,       ,           .   ""      ,     .     .

,          ,      .             ,   .    -  , , ,    ..

,   , ""         -,    ,    ,       . ,    XIV      ,  -,       , .   " ".

2.2.   - 

  ,    ,  ,  "" ,   ,     (!), ., , [257:1], .28, -     XII-XIV .           .

 , ,            ,    .   - ,  ,  ,    ,     .   ,           - "  ".      . ,     , "   ",     .

2.3.  -  ,   

,     " " [2], .4.  ,           . ,      . ,      ,    ,   -     .   ,  ,  ""  [797], .1084.  " "   "  ".

    ,    XIV-XVI  ..     ,    - .             .      ,   " ".

       = ""  .   "  "  "  .    ?".

2.4.  ,    ,  "",  , "  ()"

   -   -     ,  500     .   ,    "". ,      " ",      ,      .

 ,    -   ,  . ,  .        .          . ., ,   XVIII  [306:1], .311, .312.

 "",  ,    ""  .  ,       , , " ".                .   ,   ,        .       ,  ,   ,    "  ,   ",  ,    . ,       ,    - "", .313.     .

,       ""     . .

2.5. ,   ,     ,       ,  ,       

 1954       -          [1281], .513.     ,             .        1954 .        .      ,        , . .49   .314.

      ,     ,    .     -.    ,    ,     .      ,    ,    [1281], .513.

 .315          .  .316        ,     .  ,       [1281], .522.  ,          4600  [1281], .514. ,       [1281], .520.   ,   ,  .    142 ,    43 .     .

 .  ,        ,    .            40  ,       ,     ?

 :  ,     .    .        .    -          .    ,                (). -,                 ""-   ,         .   ,         .

,      ,   .    ,  ,     XIV-XVII .        ,      ,     .

    .   "".

2.6.  

                   ,     .       . .   [], [], [5].

1.        IX-XI   .      ,  ,     ,   .  X-XI         ,    ,   XII    , .   " ".  ,                   .        . , ,    VII   IX,       .  ,       -     (    ) -      , .   "  "  " ".

     ,   ,     .      .  XII  ..,   ,    ,  ,     , , .        ,   30 .  , .   " ",    ""  ""     .  XIII-XIV      - ,    ,  , .   "  ". ,   " "      , .   "  .        ?".

  XIV          .  XV       .  ,   -  -       .        .            .           : , , -,   I,     .      XII-XV   ,         ,   .

2.  ,      -      -       -   .          - ,  ,         XIV-XVI  ..

3.   ""            XII-XV .       ,   ,    .

,     ,     -  ,    ,      .          :  XII  ..    ,   XIII-XIV  .. -    .        .                .    XV ,    .

 XV ,    ,     .    ,       XV-XVI ,               .   ,    ,   ,           XVIII .

             XIV     ,   XV-XVII     -   ,     .      -    -    .

   XV    -          -  ,                      .

     ,           XIV .   -     XV ,     ,          ,  -  .     1453 ,         ,       . ,     ,     . ,        .

 1517           [99], .745.   ,      .

      1517 ,  ,    ,   , ""- . ,  ,     .       XVIII-XIX ,  , -, ,     .



 3. 
 :     ,   -   ,    - ? . .317, .318.

      ,  .   ,        1811  [eg14],  15, .455.            .       . ,  , .

 ,  ,     ",    " [eg14],  26, .191. ,              ,  1250  [eg14],  26, .191.

,     (    ).

    ?  .  ,   , ,  , - . ,      ,   .

 ,    ,   ,    ,    .

,     - , , , .     ,  ,   XVIII ,     ,      .

3.1.   

       "  , ,   ".          -  1794      [53:0].          . ,           .   -   ,  - "   "     , ,     .

   XVI . ,     ""     1594  [53:0].     .   XVIII ,   ,  ,  ,      ,        .     .

"       ,      ...  ...     ,   .   ,         ,                ...    ( - .)     , -: , , ,     " [53:0], .102.

    :

" (   XVI  - .)        ...  ...    ,    .          (   - , ,     -       ,  ,      ,    - .)  , , ,                ...    ( - .)     , -: , , ,     ".

,    ,   ,  , : , , , .  ,         -  " " -   

  "  ".  ,  ,     XVIII .   ,      -  .   ,      .         ,  , .   , ,  .    - ,    , .  ,   -     ,        . , "      ,    ,     ".

,       -           .      (..)  2002       ,         .           ,      , .319.  ,       -        . ,  ,   .  ,      .

      ,      ,   . ,        .   , ,   ,    : "          ,   " ( , 6:15).   -,   ,        "    " [308:3]. ,   ,      ,   ,      XVII-XVIII  .. [1]-[7], [2].

  ,   XII-XIV ,   " ",   " ",   "-    ",    ,       XIV .   -         ( ,      ). .   " " []  " " [].

,      ,     XIV      .         . ,   ,   - ,      XII-XIV .   -          .  , ,      -   ,             . , ,   ,      ,    .             .

 ,   ,    ,    ,   ,    ,   XIII-XIV            .       XIV ,       XV ,            .       ,  .            .        -.

3.2.  ,  

      .        1773 , .320.     ,   1772                 .         ,      ,       (  - ,     -) [eg15], .2,30.

         ,            [eg15].    , ,   ,      ,     .

      ,      .

"        ,     :   , ..   ,   ,    45 .  , ,  ,    ,  , ,  , ,   ,  ,      ,   ,  ,         " [eg15], .24.

,  ,  ,     XVIII , , ,     .  ,     ,    .  ,      .

      XVIII     ,    .   XVIII   - -   ,  , : " (  - ,   - .)  , ,    " [9:1], .35.    : "  -  -,     (-),  (   - .)  " [9:1], .56.

,  XVIII ,     , ,      .        ,          XIII         .  400   ,     ?  ,      ,      ,     ,       . ,         " ,     " [eg14],  26, .191.

 ,   XVIII      , , :

1)      ,     .

2)   -        XVI-XVII .              .

3.3.    XVI ,   ,   

    XVI  [747]     .

"    1450.  2  i ...     .  2,  i,     (,      - .)  ,        .     ,   , i ,      ... ,  ,    ,  ,           " [747], .234.

,   ,    " ",  , .

,   ,   .  -   ,       .          XVIII  - .     XVII   -. " ( XX  - .)        -    ...      XIV  ...    ...      ...           (1592-1601) ...  1716       ,      ...    (  - .),      ,     ...     ,  1511   ( - .)    .  ,   ,       ...  ,     ,    (  - .) ...  1612  ( ,       - .)    ,   ...   ...      ;   " [988:00],  "".

 ,   XVI   ,     .

3.4.      

  ,    , .321.      , .322.        .        ,    .    ,   .         ,   -   .             , .323, .324.        ,      , .   "  ".              .       ,   .

  -   ,     .  ,  ,        ,       "", . .325. ,   -   ,    ,    , .326

  ""    ,   , "   ", - - "   ". ,  ,        ,    ""  ,        (),     ,   " "  "" (" "), .   "  ". ,    "" ( = )    ,    ,    .   ,     ,    XIV ,    =   - . .   " "  " ".

     1453 ,     .   ,      =  ,     XIV       -  (" " XII-XIV   ).    -       -      !

     ,    -       ,        .   -   ,   .       XV          .   XVI         .    ,    ,  ,    .       1799      .

.       , . .327.

3.5.      

,    ,     -   (  )   (   ), .   "  ". ,        .

  .

 ,  ,   "  " ("Narratio historica de Moscovitico Imperio a Foscarino oratore Veneto facta"),    ,             1913 ,  :

"       (il lingua Schiavona),  ,  (Bohemi),   . ,     :         ,        (il Soldano di Babilonia)        (Mamelucchi)" [912:4].

,       ,        XV-XVII . ,  ,      ,    ,        , :

"These three Countries, thus called Slavonia, use their own Slavonian tongue, and is observed to be used by all the Turkish Emperours, Captains and Soldiers" [1338:2], .28.   : "  ,    ,     , ,   ,    ,    ". . .328, .329, .330.

  ,      - - ,  ,   -,     -      "     ".

3.6.    ,   .    

  ,       , -   .     ,     .

     (),  , .   ,       . ,    , "  XV ...      " [347], .3, .267.        ?    - .     - "",   "".  ,               "".  : " -  " [85],  47, .151.  ,    ,  ""   1937 .       ( 1931  -  ) [85],  47, .151.    1937         "".

   ,     "" - ,   . " -     ,    " [85],  47, .150.     .        -      , -  .   ,  , -   .

    ,   ,       ?     ? ,   ,     -     ,    .           (    ):

1) "   ...     .       " [85],  47, .149.

2) "  -        ,   " [85],  47, .150.

3) " -    ...     (   )" [85],  47, .150.  -    .

4) " -    ...   15       ...   -" [85],  47, .150.  -  ,   .

5) " - ,     " [85],  47, .150.

6) "" - ,   .     ,  243   -  " [85],  47, .150.

7) " -  ...    ...   1805              " [85],  30, .106.

,      .      - , - , ,   . , ,   "  -    ,       1864 .     ,        (  ""? - .)  " ".    (   ,  ,         -,     - .)         (  - " ",   -   - .).            2   .. -  1  ..,       .      -   ...    ,       ,    " [85],  30, .107.

     ,   ,     ,           .    ,      " ,  ,       ".    ,  "   ".   ,   -    -       -     ,     "".

,    ,    ?    .      XVIII     (    -  ) [347], .3, .272. "        ( : ,   - .)    1766 " [347], .3, .272.    XIX  : " ,     -  ...     ,   , ,  " [eg18], .5, .543.

  ,  - ,  ,   -,     ,   "".       . ,         ,      .

    -"".       ,    : "       -,    ... -  ,         " [eg15], .3.      ,     -   ,     -   .         . ,  ""     ,  .

     ,         "".   ,         .     ,  ,  . ,  ,   .

,  ,            "-" -        - "    ".     : "   ,  ,  " [eg15], .3-5.

      .    XVIII         .  , ,   .  ""        .  " " -  ,   .  .   ,    .         ,   , .  -"", - ,   -    -.           .   -   .

 ,   ""    ,    , ,  ,  XIX       "        " (, 1866).  : "     ,          ,      ,  ,             (, Georgiens, ,  - .),       .       ,    - " [eg76], .210.   "" -  , , " ,  ", "" -    -       XIX .

        "",  "",   - "".    ,     ,     -       , -  ""-  .

     -       .      ,    .      XVIII  (.   "  .  - ")      ,      - .  ,       ,    XVI-XVIII  . ,                .    (      "    "),  ,  , , ""      " ".  ,  " "   .  ,      ,   XVIII ,      -,   -     ,     ,  .. .   "  "  " ".

   .    , ,  ,    -    , -     ,    . ,    (  ),     -,  "     "   .

 ,  ,    "-" -         " ",   -   .        , ,  .  : " ,   ...   ,                .      , ,     ,     " [eg15], .7.

,  ,   ,    ,    () .     .

        -.          " ( )".  -       ,    .  : "      , ,      -.   ,    ...            ;       " [eg19],  3, .160.

,            ,     -    , -  -. ,    ,     ,  .

    .      ,     -   .    " ",         "- ".          -  .

 ,     -      ,      - .  -  .   - . ,     ,  .         -  .   ,   , , ,     ,    , , . , , -     .      ,      " ". , "" -    . ,        , ,    - " ".  ,  .  , ,      ,     . ,     - "",   ,     ,       . ,   .

  - -  - -      , . .

   "  "    ,    , ,       .   ,     ,   - -          . -        .  ,  ,   ,   ,    .        .     ,      .         .           .

     ,       - ,   . ,     .   ( )   -,     .

 -  , -      ?  .   XVIII   ""     ,  ,    .  ""  "", .   "  ".   ""       .

3.7.      

         . , ,  ,    ,          .

        XVIII ,       - - (1756-1825) [9:1], .5.   "       "          "    " [9:1].

 ,   -,   ,     ,    - .   -      ,    [9:1], .. : "  ,   -   (- - .)      .   "Histoire scientifique et militaire de l'expedition francaise en Egypte" ("       "),      (.. XIX - .) ,   -. ...    .,      -      " [9:1], .5.   -    -,             ,    ,  - "   ".   ,      ""      [1]-[7],    ,  .         ,  ,  .   , - .

  -,    XVIII     ,              .          .     -  .       ,    . - , , :

"  22  - [28.VII.1777]  ,    (    - .)  -  -         - -    ( - .)" [9:1], .40.

   1777 ,         "     -        -" [9:1], .41.

-   " "  " ". , ,  : "- ...    ...        " [9:1], .46.

 ,              ,     . "  -        ...        -,     " [9:1], .50.

,    . ,    ,    ,    !       .                .      : "         ,    : ,   , ...    ,   " [85], .39, .460.

       .           .       . ,      ,       ,    .

            .      (     ).  .331        ,        III.  .332       . ,          ,               [160], [161].

,         .         .         .  ,   ,  .

,  ,          . ,       (    ),    ,  .          .

      ,      ,  ,  .       .        ,      ..  ,      .      , ,     ,    .  ,      ,   . ,      . ,      <<- ...        (1171-1250).   ...         (1250).       : ,    (1250-1381),  ,  ""...  (1382-1517).      9   12 .     24 , ...      ...     ,      I  1516-17  ,   ... []             .    -    .  ...  1808      ...  1811    >> [85],  26, .191.

   ,     ,  -       ,       .  -   ,       .

      .       ,   -  ,      .        .     ,    ,       .

 .333      ,  "      ":      ,   .      ,         .  ,  ,         , .334.   ,      .   ,  ,   ,        ,   .     -       , . .335.        ,    . ,       -   -    .   -  .

   , ,   ,  -    ,       "",   "" (  "",   "").       ,      XVI ,          , .   "  ".

3.8.      

         -.       ,       [19:2].   : "      XII-XIV ".          1962     .        .

 ,      -  ""    ,  "" - ,        - -  ,   , - [19:2], .4.          ,    - ""  " " [19:2], .4-5. ,  ,  ""    .  ,  ,   ""  " "   ,   .  - : "       .     ,           ,   ,   " [19:2], .5.

  ,         XIV-XVI . , ,   , "-" -      ,   ("")   . "- " -     -. "", , -     -,     . . [], [], [], [4]-[6].

 - : "  (- - .)     .     : "   -   ,     ".       ,           ... ,    (       XIII  .. - .)      ( ,   - .); ,      103 ,   ,    -  ,          " [19:2], .5.

"           ,      (      - .),  ,     (..   - .)    ,     .  []           (        -     - .),   (  ) ...  ,    ,   "",         (        - .)" [19:2], .9.

,   ,       .

  ,  ,   ,     ,    .  ,        ( 171      [952:1], .341)     XVIII  [952:1], .341. , ,  "   (    ,    - .)    " [952:1], .340.

,       .   -,   , " ", .

 -  : <<        ,         ,     ,     ...         (-? - .),      (? - .);          ...        "" -   ...        "" (), ,  ->> [19:2], .5.

,    , ,  .  " " -  .   ,      .

         ,   ,  ,   "  ".  - "".    ""    ,            .       ,        ,   .  -, ,  -      , : " ,     -,        (   - - .).    ,           " [19:2], .5-6.

<<       ...     (..  - - .)        ...  ...  ,    , , ,      ...      ...  ,      ... " " (.. ,     -    ,   ,  ,  -     - .) ... ,      ,      ...   (  "",      - .) : "  ,   ".       ,         >> [19:2], .9-10.

 - : <<       ,  ,    ,      ,      ...             ...                ...   (..   - .)     ... ,  ,   "  ",      -      .         ,      (    - .).    ,       >> [19:2], .12.

   ,    -  ,  .      ,          .  -        .

"            ( ,  - .) ... -    ,  , -  -" [19:2], .25.   -    , -   ("")   . ",   ,        ...     ...      -     ,     " [19:2], .13.

   ,     -  "",    -     ,     .      ,  ,   .  - : ",       ,               ...        ,  ,  ,    - . ,         ,    ,    -. ,  ,        .   -    ...  -,     ,           -   ,     -.

   ,  ,    ,   - ...      ,        ,   ,     . ,   -   ,      " [19:2], .15-16.

 , , ,        (),    .  ,  -   .  ,           - , -     .

     . ,   -    ,       .   -: "     " [19:2], .16.  ,   (),      .     - , -      .

 ,   -   ,     ,   .   , ?       -       .  ,   ,   ,    -   .   ,          .   ,    - ,    ,    .

 ,  ,   -  ,    XVI-XVII     . ,            XVI-XVII  ..   ,     XIII-XIV ,        .  ,   "" , .   " ".

 -    ,  , ,        ,         1517     [924:1a], .141. ",  ,     ,            " [924:1a], .141. ,   ,            ,        -  .       .   ,          .

          ""  "".     , ,   ,         .

1)  "", ,    "",   "".    , ,    [], [5] ,  ,   = ""   ,     - " -",   " " [499], .44.

  ,      ,  ,   ,       .   -   -.       ""  "-" ("").

2) ,     .   ,  ,   -  - .          :  = ,  = ,  =   ..      "", "",   "", "".       : ,  [224],  1, .564; [eg30],  1, .334.           =   (    ,    ""  ""). . ,   "" ,    , : ", ,  , , " [224],  1, .564.           , .

3.9.  

  [19:2]     :       . , ,  : " -    ,     ,       " [19:2], .12.     ,  -   : "      ,    ( - .)  - .    .    ,    .      ,        ,      ...    ,     " [19:2], .12.

     ,  ,    ,    .    ,     .

   ,         XIII-XIV .   -          .    , ,    -   - . , , , ,  -  "-"    ,           -    . ,  " ",   ,    - XIII-XV .

  .  ,     XIV , -       -    .        .          ,    .  -   .  ,        ,          .     ,  ,     .  ,      ,      . .   "  ".

     .    ,    .        .      ,      XV ,    -    .       (  ).    ,    ,            . ,          .     " ",  ,  XIV    .      ,       ,   .    ,     ,   .

,       XIV   .       ,  ,     .

  XV ,    ,      .      .     .  -     -         (,        ,  XVI-XVII      ).         .    .   ,      1517     , ,          - .         .

3.10.    ""

      , , ,     "".

,    ,        "": ,          .     . ,     ,   , - .

   ""    .      . , ,         .

-,       ,   .           .    ,        .  ,   ,   .        .  , ,  ,   -       ,    .       . ,         ,    . ,         . ,    -   ,   .   ,   . -   .    ,          .

     . ,            .     ,        .    ,     ,      .

 - : "     ,    . , ,  800 ,   -  3 " [19:2], .5.

<<         .      (  "  " - .) ...   12  .   -,   ,   ,   12  .     ,       ( ,     - .).    ,      -    4700 >> [19:2], .5.

 ,   -     ,    ,   . ,      -         ,    ,   .

3.11.  

       -      ?  ,   ,     ,    .. -      . ,   - .  ?

,         ,   .   ""     ,  - ,         .      .  ,     ,      ..  ..,   ,  .  ,   ,  ,   ,    ,    ..        .

 . << .          ( ,    - .).    ( ,   - .)      (!? - .),     ,    ,    (      - .).   ,   ,     .  :    -  ,   -  ;    -      ...    - ,  - .        ...      .        ,      .       : 1)  , 2)   , 3)  -  4)   >> [988:00],  " ".

    . "   .   -  ,  ,   .     ,      .       ...  1256    ()       1382  (        ;  "", ,   "",   - .),      .       ( , ,    - .),  .   XVI            " [988:00],  " ".

         .       ,         .         . " "    .  :        .

       .     ,    - - , ,     XIII-XIV ,       . ( ,    ,   ""    .)    XV ,      . ,   1517  - - .  " "     , ,  .            .    -  .

 4. 

4.1. ""-  XIX  ..

     "  ":      (" "),     ,     XIX ,   XIX , .336.       ,     ""-     .

       XIX    ""- ?  -  , ,  ,   XIX ,    XX ?    ,     :      ,     XIX ?  ,      ?      -    . - XIX  -    .       .

    : ,  .

4.2.   XIX     ,     

  : " 1517  1798 ,      ,     .  1801       .         ,        1953 " [846:1], .70.

,  XIX -   XX         -  ,  .  ,          .  "     -"? . .333.

,  50          .  .  .  ,   ,  -   ,     [846:1], .70-71, 134-135.    50-  ""    ,  ""  .  -      ,        .  . "XIX        " [846:1], .136.   ,   ,        ,    " " [846:1], . 134.  : "   (       XIX  - .)         ,   ,      (    ? - .) .    ...    " [846:1], .134.

,   50  " "   ,   ,     .      " ".  .

,    "" (, ,      -   XVIII )        .       ,     ,        80 , [4], [].    80-     " ".             ,       ,   ,  "   ,         -".

         .      50-       ,    .

  ,         .   - .      .

4.3. -  

 :          [846:1], .70-71.     XIX          . "XIX-XX        .   ,      IV (1854-1861 .)   .  ,  ,    ...  1875      " [846:1], .70.

,       " ,     ,       " [846:1], .134.

 , "  "      XIX - XX .     ?  ,         ""    ,    XVIII ,  ? - - .

      . ,   ""      ""-  . "         ,           " [846:1], .53.

, ,  "        " [846:1], 100. ,        "  "?   [846:1]  ,      . , ,    " "; ", , , , , , , ,  !     . " [846:1], .100.   - !  .

    ""   (  -      )     .    : "    ,   ....            ...  ,  ,   ,     ...              , , ,  ,    " [846:1], .100.              !

     ,     XIX . , , . "      (.. ""  - .), ,     - "",    , -       ,    " [846:1], .102.

     ,   -  "" . , ,   XIX  ". ,          ( - .)     " " -        ...            ...      " [846:1], .103.   " ", .     " ".  ,   ""         [].

      . ,     ,        , "   ",      - XIX .   .        XIX ,  . ,      .

      . ,    XII-XV   ""    -    .    ""-   ""-     .   ,   -      . ,     -  - .

     ..       : "      ,            " [846:1], .103.

, .. ,         <<   " ",      (.. ""  XIX     - .) .>> [846:1], .127.  ,  "   ,              (  )      " [846:1], .127.

,   " ", -,       XII-XIV     "" ,     .          .     ,  ,     ,    1168 ...  1185  .. [].

     XX    .,    ,       " [1240:1a]; [846:1], .101.

 -  ""      ,    , "        -" [846:1], .100.

4.4. -   

    .   ,  ""-     "  ".    .    , ,     ""-.      .

 -          ,   ,         . "        " [846:1],  82.       .       .

"       - ,    - ,   ... ,  .       ,     " [846:1], .83.

  "" -     ""- .       ,   -  . ,    ,  ,          ,  .      .

 .337        -,    .

  " ",     " ",         . , ,      "", , ,  ,        , ,     (" ").      (..)     .

 ,  ,   ""-"    . "       ...     .      ...    -         (. Maria lactans, . )" [846:1], .88.

, ,  "   ...   (  - .)   ,     ". . .84  .85 .  .       ,     ( ) -   ,  .    ,       ,   ,      ,    XII  ..        .

" ,    ...       ,  ,  .         , , , , ...  ...  ...     -       , -      .   ...          " [846:1], .89.

4.5. -  

""-       . , "    ...         " [846:1], .80.

      . ,         . ,    IV     .  .    "  ".

 -       -?      .  ,            : 15-16  1146  ..  16  1325  .. [].   - . ,  ,      ,    1325 ,        ,     -. ,     ,   ,    XIV . ,  ,         1325 , ., , [362].

           "",       .   - ,    ,     ,        ,  ,  , .338, .339.          .  ,       ,    .         .   ,  ,         .  ,        ,       .   ".  .  " [156:0] - ,   ,       -         : "                   " [156:0], .44.  .   .     .

   2002  2005 ,            , .339.   ,    ,    . ,        ,  2008 ,      .       ,  , "   ", .340.

      .      .  ,             ,       .    ""   .


  

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6. ...  . 

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