FOREWORD
The present book is issued in a new edition, made by A.T.FOMENKO in 2013. It considerably differs from the previous ones. In particular, the colored pictures are reproduced as colored (compared to the previous editions, where they were reproduced in black and white). Here is the first book of the 6th volume of the seven volumes "Chronology" (the seven volumes are split on 14 books).
Volume 1. FIGURES AGAINST LIE. - A.T.Fomenko.
Volume 2. ANTIQUITY IS MIDDLE AGES. - A.T.Fomenko. Book 2. WE CHANGE DATES – EVERYTHING CHANGES. - A.T.Fomenko
Volume 3. Book 1: STARS TESTIFY. V.V.Kalashnikov, G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko. Book 2. CELESTIAL CALENDAR OF THE ANCIENTS - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko, T.N.Fomenko.
Volume 4. Book 1. NEW CHRONOLOGY OF RUSSIA. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko. Book 2. THE MIRACLE OF RUSSIAN HISTORY - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko
Volume 5. Book 1. EMPIRE. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko. Book 2. RISE OF THE TSARDOM. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko
Volume 6. Book 1: BIBLICAL RUSSIA. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko. Book 2: OPENING OF AMERICA BY RUSSIA-HORDE. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko. Book 3: SEWEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko.
Volume 7. Book 1. WESTERN MYTH. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko. Book 2. RUSSIAN ROOTS OF THE "ANCIENT" LATIN. - G.V.Nosovskiy, A.T.Fomenko, T.N.Fomenko.
We rest on the new chronology, established based on the mathematical methods and empirical-statistical results, stated in the books "Figures against Lies", ch.5-6, "We change dates – everything changes", ch.3, "Stars testify", "The celestial calendar on the ancient", and also in chapter 2 of the book "Seven wonders of the world". The main chronological shifts, found by A.T.Fomenko in the "ancient" and medieval history, are provided on the global chronological map - ���, created by A.T.FOMENKO in 1975-1979.
# We try to restore the correct chronology and the history of ancientry with the methods of natural sciences. The empirical-statistical and mathematical-astronomical methods of analysis of historical texts were stated by us in the indicated above books. In the present book we have no possibility to repeat the formal results, received with these methods.
Many of the told in the present book things are yet suppositions. Nevertheless, they rest on the new chronology, received by us with rather formal independent methods. From the other side, WE STATE – WITH FULL RESPONSIBILITY – THAT THERE IS NO AND THERE NEWER WAS ANY SCIENTIFIC REASONING OF THE SCALIGERIAN DATES. That's why the history of ancientry should be written once again.
# We pay attention to an important circumstance, sometimes escaping from the attention of the readers.
There are two layers in our books. The first – these are statistical, mathematical and astronomical proofs, related to chronology and only to it. The second layer – these are our attempts to give a new historical picture, agreed with mathematical chronology. The first layer seems boring to some readers. The second – more interesting and capturing. That's why the readers sometimes miss "mathematical chapters" and immediately turn to the interpretational ones. And having understood, how much things should be changed in their mind, of course they start to ask: where are the proofs? The authors propose to review many areas of the ancient history. It is not a joke.
OUR "INTERPRETAIONAL CHAPTERS", OF COURSE, ABSOLUTELY DON'T REPRESENT SUCH MATHEMATICAL PROOFS. They contain some reasonings, collected by us medieval evidences, linguistic considerations etc. The purpose of "interpretational chapters" is such: we try to restore the edifice of noncontradictory history of the ancientry. Understanding that this is just one of the attempts, probably wrong in some separate details. But without it a perception of our main chronological results could be rather difficult. Tthe readers want to understand, "what was in reality"? And we give an APPROXIMATE answer. And sometimes we hear: you have few or no proofs. But this is not so. We have the proofs. And there are a lot of them. But they are in the other chapters, other books and scientific articles.
# We don't claim for a full study of the Bible as a historical source. Our book is devoted, mainly, to one topic – how the history of medieval Russia-Horde of the XIV-XVII centuries, that is the Great = "Mongol" empire, is described on the pages of the Bible.
Our interpretation of the Bible is in many areas new and, probably, unusual for an unprepared reader. First of all, it is based on the mathematical-statistical studies of the Bible, stated in "Numbers against lies", ch. 5-6, and "We change dates – everything changes", ch.2. And in particular, on the new chronology, stating that the medieval European events were actually described in the Bible. A natural question appears: which ones? The present book is an attempt of answer on it. But a lot of events are described in the Bible. That's why we decided to limit ourselves with one topic: Russia-Horde on the pages of the Bible. Such choice is dictated with the leading role of Russia-Horde in the medieval history, see the book "Empire". That's why it is natural to expect that the Bible, as the most important and huge primary source on the history of the Middle ages, should rather brightly describe the Great = "Mongol" Empire.
Why before us such traces – actually rather bright – were not found by anybody else in the Bible? Why other scientists didn't notice them? As there were the biggest specialists in the Biblistics among them, who gave all their life to study of the Bible. A reader has a right to ask – what is the advantage of the authors of the present book in front of these respected scientists?
The answer is the following. Our main advantage is the new chronology. Within the frames of the former, Scaligerian version, a researcher of the Bible, facing the traces of medieval Russian-Hordian history, simply couldn't understand them. A bright example – the famous fragments of the Bible, directly telling about Rosh or Ros, prince Meshekha and Tuvala. Here the name Ros, as it is known, was considered by the medieval Byzantine authors to be the name of Russia, see "New chronology of Russia", ch.3:10. The modern commentators, being sure that the biblical events took place many centuries before the Common era, - when, according to Scaliger, there was no Russia as an organized state, - accuse the Byzantines that they "didn't know" the history. In some sense it is correct: at that time the medieval Byzantines really didn't know the future (and wrong) Scaligerian chronology, not yet invented.
This example explains the psychological reasons, because of which the previous researchers of the Bible "didn't notice" such evidences, or considered them to be isolated by the later insertions. Or they were explained as indications of some mysterious and foggy "ancient events". And only after the removal of "the Scaligerian interdiction on the chronology" everything comes to its places. Probably, nobody really didn't do it before us. This is our advantage. We are in an absolutely different position compared to our predecessors. It appeared that first it was necessary to clarify the chronology and only after this to start interpret the Biblical historical evidences. We note that the indicated circumstance is not obvious.
The change of chronology considerably changes the interpretation of texts. It appears that a movement of the dates of Biblical events in the Middle ages unexpectedly opens a lot of new things on the pages of the Bible. Knowing that it actually tells about the Middle ages, we with surprise start to find the known to us bright events of the medieval history in the Biblical descriptions. Including the Russian-Hordian ones. Nearly at once we face rather open and multiple descriptions of the Great = "Mongol" conquest. And it would have been strange if the main event of the Middle ages was not reflected in the Bible.
# In our study we used all the accessible to us variants of the Bible, and also rested on the results of the works of several generations of its commentators. The following editions of the Bible and other texts of close contents were at our disposal. See the precise bibliographical references in the list of literature.
@@@ The Bible. The books of the Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments in Russian translation with parallel sites and appendixes [621]. It is a slightly edited in the XX century canonic translation of the Bible into Russian, made in the XIX century by the command of the Holy Synod. In the last years this edition was many times re-printed with a difference only in the placement of the attached geographical maps and the format. In particular, such is the edition of the Russian biblical Society (�., 1995). We will refer to this Bible as to the SYNODIC TRANSLATION. We pay attention of the readers, that when we give a reference to the Bible without indication of the edition, we always mean exactly such, easily accessible canonical translation.
@@@ The explanatory Bible [845]. It is a canonical synodic translation, accompanied with spread, first of all historical comments of the famous scientist �.P.Lopukhin.
@@@ The Bible. The books of the Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments. In Russian translation with appendixes [69].
@@@ Teaching. The Pentateuch [862]. It is a once again made scientific translation of the Pentateuch. The author of translation and comments – doctor of historical sciences I.Sh.Shifman.
@@@ Canonical church-Slavonic Bible [70]. This translation, used today by the Orthodox church, was composed and improved in the first half of the XVIII century. We will refer to it as to the Bible of Elizabeth.
@@@ The Ostrog Bible. Ostrog, 1581 [621]. It is the first printed Bible on the church-Slavonic language, issued by the famous publisher Ivan Fedorov in the town of Ostrog, by the order of prince Konstantin of Ostrog, in the XVI century.
@@@ A manuscript of the Bible allegedly of 1499, so called Bible of Gennady [745]. From the announced for publication ten volumes only four of them were issued before the end of 2008: volume 4 (the Book of Psalms), volumes 7 and 8 (New Testament), and also volume 9 (appendixes, scientific description). The other volumes of the Bible of Gennady for some reason were not yet issued until now.
@@@ The Bible, published by Francis Scorina allegedly in 1517-1519 [71].
@@@ A Hebrew text of the Old Testament (Tanakh) [266].
@@@ Die Bibel. Oder die Ganze Heilige Schrift des Alten and Neuen Testaments [1104]. It is the Bible in the famous German translation of Martin Luther allegedly in XVI. Well, from the time of Luther this texts, probably, was subject to serious edition.
@@@ The Holy Bible, containing Old and New Testaments... Appointed to be read in Churches [1450]. It is a canonical translation of the Bible into English.
@@@ The Holy Bible, containing Old and New Testaments... Authorized King James version [1451]. It is a canonical translation, made under the command of English king James at the beginning of the XVII century.
@@@ The English version of the polyglot Bible... [1449].
@@@ Biblical encyclopedia [66]. A useful reference-book on Biblical events, names, geography.
@@@ The book of Mormon [397]. Sometimes it is called the Bible of Mormons.
@@@ Joseph Flavius. Judaic ancientries [878]. It is one more variant of the Bible, differing with more worldly character of wording. Moreover, sometimes he mentions the events or details, missing in the other versions of the Bible.
We quote the Russian text of the Bible, if other not indicated, according to the edition [621].
At the end of the book 3 of the present 6-th volume, in Appendix 1, there is a list of all the used by us Biblical quotes in the view, in which they are presented in the Slavonic text of the Ostrog Bible [621], more seldom - the Bible of Elizabeth [70] or in single cases in the editions [745] or [266]. All the Church-Slavonic quotes are written with the type "half-running hand".
In the Ostrog Bible there is no numeration of the verses, that's why in quotes from it numbers of verses are given according to the edition [70]. In the quotes from the Ostrog Bible all its orthographic features are reproduced - superior characters, remote letters etc. – except for the use of different variants of writing of some letters in the original. This big work was thoroughly done by candidate of phisical-mathematical sciences M.I.Grinchuk (mech.-mat. faculty of the MSU) at the edition of our book [��]:2. References to these quotes in our text are given in the form <<See a church-Slavonic quote ***>>. On the place of asterisks there is a number of quote.
As in the Ostrog Bible the words are not always separated with spaces, in the quotes from it the missing spaces are added as a sign "� reversed". A sign "/" means the line ends. In the Ostrog Bible itself, when a part of the word is moved to a new line, no signs like modern hyphen were used. Moreover, in the provided by us quotes in square brackets we give a decoding of numbers, which were indicated with letters under title in the original. A reader, who is accustomed to modern variant of church-Slavonic orthography, should take into account such special feature of the Ostrog Bible as often (but not always!) placement of remote letters on one position to the left from their "natural" place. The signs of stress also sometimes are placed not above a vowel but, but above a neighbor consonant. For some of the mentioned in the Bible names a wording according to Hebrew Old Testament is added [266], accompanied with a conditional transcription with Russian letters, pic.0.5.
# We underline that our studies are of purely scientific character and don't pursue any political, social or religious purposes. Even when we analyze religious sources, including the Bible, we are interested only in historical contents of the documents. We don't touch the issues of faith, and we express our deeply respect to the feelings of believers. Our studies are not anyhow connected with different interpretations of ones or others religious issues. In particular, our book doesn't touch anyhow the basics of different religions, for which the Bible is a holy book. We don't discuss at all the religious teaching, stated in the Bible. Our book is devoted only to historical, not theological aspect of the study of Bible. We underline that all the possible interpretations of our scientific chronological results by other authors or critics of our work in any theological sense fully remain on the heads of the interpreters.
Tens of people helped us in our difficult work. We are deeply thankful to all of them.
A.T.FOMENKO, G.V.Nosovskiy
Moscow, Lomonosov Moscow State University
